Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)


Infection 1979
PMID:[Bacterial infections and possibility of oral antibiotic therapy with cephaclor]. 4 86

A comparative study was conducted on the in vitro activity of cefaclor and other oral cephalosporins against a large number of freshly isolated clinical strains of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The activity of cefaclor against gram-positive pathogens is very similar to that of cephalexin. The action of cefaclor against Streptococcus pneumoniae is superior. Cefaclor is the most active antibiotic against strains of Haemophilus influenzae, and is also more active than cephalexin and cephradine against non-beta-lactamase producing strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Proteus mirabilis.
Infection 1979
PMID:[In vitro activity of cefaclor (author's transl)]. 4 87

Laboratory aspects of cefaclor, a new orally-effective cephalosporin antibiotic, are summarized. On the basis of data from a variety of studies, the useful antibacterial spectrum of cefaclor is shown to include all classes of bacteria that are generally susceptible to cephalothin and cephalexin. Cefaclor has a significant potency advantage over cephalexin against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteria that are susceptible to cefaclor are killed by concentrations at or near the inhibitory concentration. In vitro enzymatic hydrolysis experiments have shown that cefaclor is a relatively good substrate for several beta-lactamases. Orally administered cefaclor is effective in protection of mice from the lethal effects of intraperitoneal challenges with cefaclor-susceptible bacteria. The chemical instability of cefaclor, test medium composition and inoculum density influence the results of in vitro susceptibility tests with cefaclor. Methods for routine susceptibility testing are described.
Infection 1979
PMID:Summary of laboratory studies on the antibacterial activity of cefaclor. 4 88

Minicells produced by B. subtilis CU403divIVB1 and infected by SPP1 synthesize at least 46 polypeptides which can be separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides represent the expression of 86% of the SPP1 genome's coding capacity. Infection of minicells by sus mutants and deletion mutants of SPP1 has permitted a correlation of genetic location with gene product and has shown that SPP1 normally synthesizes at least 8 non-essential polypeptides. Restriction fragments of SPP1 produced by EcoRI digestion of SPP1 DNA have been purified and used as template DNA in a coupled transcription/translation system derived from E. coli to determine the polypeptides encoded by the individual fragments. SPP1 expression in minicells differs from SPP1 expression in nucleated cells (Esche, 1975) in that late syntheses are not dependent on phage DNA replication in infected minicells.
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PMID:Bacteriophage SPP1 polypeptides synthesized in infected minicells and in vitro. 4 10

Infection of human embryonic lung cells with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-2) resulted in: (a) qualitative (nuclear cytopathologic) alterations and quantitative (nuclear area) differences in infected compared to control nuclei; (b) increased Feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid (F-DNA) amounts in infected cells, probably due to viral DNA; (c) higher F-DNA levels in HSV-2 infected cells; and (d) increased rates of F-DNA hydrolysis in viral-infected as compared to uninfected nuclei.
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PMID:Differential feulgen-deoxyribonucleic acid hydrolysis patterns of Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infected cells. 4 71

Infection of man by Echinococcus multilocularis occurs relatively seldom, most commonly localizing in the liver in the manner of a malignant tumour. A case of alveolar hydatid disease is reported presenting with extensive biliary obstruction, and a large cavitation in the liver due to necrosis. A review of epidemiology, clinical and roentgenological findings is given.
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PMID:[Echinococcus multilocularis causing extensive biliary obstruction (author's transl)]. 4 87

Infection is an important cause of death in patients receiving cytostatic drugs or with any other impairment of host resistance. Such infections are frequently due to opportunist micro-organisms usually belonging to the endogenous flora of the patient. It is often difficult to obtain an exact diagnosis of the cause and localization of the infection. The problems associated with the prevention of infection are manifold. Exogenous infections can be prevented by proper isolation and a sterile diet. Endogenous infections can only be prevented by eradication of the patient's endogeous flora, so-called decontamination. Special attention should be given to treatment of foci of chronic infection and of the carrier state of certain microorganisms. However, the prophylactic use of antibiotics should be avoided. The curative use of antibiotics should be based on the most probable micro-organism. We consider the inventory of the patient's microflora, repeated weekly, of great help in the choice of antibiotics in cases of septicaemia of unknown aetiology. The initial therapy usually consists of a broad-spectrum combination of antibiotics, which should be bactericidal. When the causative bacteria have been isolated and the sensitivity is known, antibiotic therapy should be adjusted to the narrowest spectrum possible.
Infection 1975
PMID:Infection in immunodepressed patients. The approach to diagnosis and treatment. 5 40

A new instruction theory for antibody formation is presented. The reverse flow of information from the amino-acid sequences of small antigenic determinants to an antideterminant RNA (aRNA) seems feasible. Prerequisites are specific activating enzymes, tRNAs, ATP as well as some kind of membrane assembling the anticodons of tRNAs linearly, analogous to the linear primary structure of stretched polypeptides. Once synthesized, aRNA might be replicated, utilized as transfer factor and transcribed by means of Reverse Transcriptase into aDNA. Further steps would be the fusion of this aDNA with genetical performed DNA-molecules already coding for the basic strucures of different classes of immunoglobulins by means of a terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase. This could be a chromosomal or extrachromosomal integration. The second hypothesis concerns antigen-induced immunosuppression and the phenomenon of nonresponsiveness (tolerance). An overwhelming proteolysis might give rise to a degradation of antigens or receptor templates for antigenic determinants located on the surface of macrophages. On later exposure to a similar antigen proteolytic enzymes are already preformed abolishing rapidly antigenic information. The third hypothesis concerns antibody-induced immunosuppression and tolerance. Antideterminant information is integrated into the genome or established extra-chromosomally. The continuous presence of antibodies sets in motion a sequence of reactions causing an accumulation of all information intermediates including a complementary DNA strand to the aRNA. On exposure to the corresponding antigen aRNA is transcribed. However, translation might be inhibited by hybridisation with the complementary aDNA strand as well as specific RNA hydrolysis by RNase H. Concerning the immunogenity of antibodies, a proteolytical mechanism might also be possible. Taking this into account a tolerance could be suspended in the following way: 1. by influencing the overwhelming proteolytical degradation of antigenic determinants with simultaneous antigenic stimulation; 2. by substitution of aRNA to induce blocked antibody synthesis.
Infection 1975
PMID:[A new instruction theory: possibility of a reverse flow of information from polypeptide sequences to RNA particularly in antibody synthesis, and the mechanisms of tolerance induction and immunosuppression (author's transl)]. 5 2

For development of an animal model of virus-induced anergy, the effect of canine distemper virus (CDV) upon cell-mediated immunity in dogs was investigated. First, canine cutaneous reactions and in vitro lymphocyte responses to soluble protein antigens were characterized. Dogs immunized with picryl guinea pig albumin and with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (both in complete Freund's adjuvant) responded reproducibly to intracutaneous challenge with these antigens. Reactivity peaked in 20-40 days (maximal induration, 6-50 mm). Lymphocytes from these animals responded in vitro to stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin or purified protein derivative. This stimulation was antigen-specific and was maximal on day 6 of culture. Infection with CDV depressed cutaneous reactivity and lymphocyte response in vitro to antigens and mitogens. This effect was transient in animals previously vaccinated with attenuated CDV; however, gnotobiotic puppies (susceptible to CDV) had prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity and lymphopenia. Some of these animals developed neurologic symptoms and died. The findings indicate that CDV infection is a potentially useful model for study of virus-induced depression of T (thymus)-cell responses and support the hypothesis that there is more than one mechanism responsible for this phenomenon.
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PMID:A canine distemper model of virus-induced anergy. 5 99

The effect of zinc deficiency on protein synthesis in rats during tularemia was studied. Five weeks prior to infection with the live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis, rats had been assigned to one of three dietary groups: zinc deficient (-Zn), pair-fed (PF) or ad libitum (AL). Within 4 weeks, zinc deficiency manifested itself by diminished growth rate, decreased serum and liver zinc concentrations and alopecia. By 18 hour post infection, rats of all groups were febrile and exhibited an increased hepatic uptake of zinc. Despite initially lower concentrations of seromucoid in the PF and -Zn groups, infection elicited an increase in seromucoid concentration as well as enhanced incorporation of 3H-leucine into this fraction of comparable degree in all dietary groups. The same held true for ceruloplasmin. Alpha 2-macrofetoprotein also increased to the same extent in all dietary groups. Infection was associated with a decrease in extractable albumin in ad libitum and pair fed control groups. Only the -Zn group showed a significant decrease in specific activity suggestive of diminished albumin synthesis. Zinc deficiency of itself did not cause a decrement in radiolabel in muscle protein. Thus, despite documented zinc deficiency, rats subjected to the stress of infection respond by synthesizing increased amounts of acute phase globulins apparently at the expense of serum albumin and muscle protein synthesis.
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PMID:Protein synthesis in zinc deficient rats during tularemia. 5 80


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