Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During spring 1984, 2334 second and 2000 fifth-grade schoolchildren living in three Haifa Bay areas on the eastern Mediterranean coast with different levels of air pollution were studied. The parents of these children filled out American Thoracic Society and National Heart and Lung Institute health questionnaires, and the children performed the following pulmonary function tests (PFT); FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FEV, PEF, FEF50, and FEF75. A trend of higher prevalence of most reported respiratory symptoms was found for schoolchildren growing up in the medium and high pollution areas as compared with the low pollution area. Part of the reported respiratory diseases were significantly more common among children from the high pollution area. Models fitted for the respiratory conditions that differed significantly among the three areas of residence also included background variables that could be responsible for these differences. Relative risk values, which were calculated from the logistic models, were in the range of 1.38 for sputum with cold and 1.81 for sputum without cold for children from the high pollution area as compared with 1.00 for children from the low pollution area. All the measured values of PFT were within the normal range. There was no consistent trend of reduced pulmonary function that characterized any residential area.
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PMID:Prevalence of respiratory conditions among schoolchildren exposed to different levels of air pollutants in the Haifa Bay area, Israel. 208 51

We assessed the adrenergic-receptor system in individuals with bronchial hyperreactivity, beta-Adrenergic receptors on mononuclear cell membranes, alpha-adrenergic receptors on platelet membranes, and the cAMP response in these cell types to different stimuli, including platelet-activating factor (PAF), were determined. Studies were assessed in 10 subjects with mild asthma, six methacholine-sensitive subjects without asthma, and 10 normal subjects. The density and affinity of beta-receptors and alpha-receptors were determined by Scatchard analysis. Our findings were that (1) subjects with asthma had a significantly lower density of beta-receptors compared to normal subjects, (2) subjects with asthma had a significantly lower cAMP response to isoproterenol stimulation compared to the two other groups, (3) in subjects without asthma. PAF decreased the basal cAMP level and significantly inhibited the response to isoproterenol stimulation, (4) there was no difference in density and affinity of platelet alpha-receptors or in platelet cAMP responses to stimulation by alpha-agonists among these three groups, and (5) neither cAMP response or beta-receptor density on mononuclear cells were significantly correlated with pulmonary-function tests (FEV/FVC times 100), sensitivity to methacholine, or cold-air inhalation. These results suggest that patients with asthma may have a lower isoproterenol cAMP response and decreased density of beta-adrenergic receptors on mononuclear cells in the absence of beta-agonist therapy. It is speculated that release of PAF and other mediators secondary to allergen exposure, even in the absence of overt attacks of asthma, may inhibit the response to endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists.
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PMID:Alpha- and beta-adrenergic-receptor systems in bronchial asthma and in subjects without asthma: reduced mononuclear cell beta-receptors in bronchial asthma. 217 58

In 24 children with bronchial asthma and 16 children of a control group provocation by three-minute inhalation of cold air was applied under eucapnic condition on a RHES apparatus (E. Jaeger, GFR). After hyperventilation changes in the resistance of the airways were investigated by the occlusion method and repeatedly parameters of ventilation were examined by the flow-volume loop method. In the group of asthmatic children a significantly increased resistance was recorded after provocation with an onset already during the first minute after completed hyperventilation, and it persisted to the 9th minute. In the investigated parameters of the flow-volume loop (FEV 1, MEF 25/75) the maximum drop was recorded between the 3rd and 5th minute after provocation. In the control group no significant changes developed after provocation. Provocation by eucapnic hyperventilation of cold air is in particular in paediatric pneumological and allergological diagnosis a perspective method which does not cause discomfort to the patient and is well tolerated.
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PMID:[Study of bronchial reactivity by means of cold air inhalation]. 279 Oct 85

We studied the relationship between attenuation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and serum theophylline concentration in a dose-dependent fashion in 11 patients with mild bronchial asthma. In addition, we investigated the protection of equal amounts of theophylline either dissolved in ethylenediamine or in proxyphylline and diprophylline. At 4 separate study days, the patients received one of the following preparations in a double-blind random order: saline solution, 200 mg of theophylline in 19.9 mg of ethylenediamine (TE200), 351 mg of theophylline in 35 mg of ethylenediamine (TE351), and 200 mg of theophylline in 300 mg of propxyphylline and 300 mg of diprophylline (TPD). Fifteen minutes after the end of infusion, a standardized exercise test during cold air breathing was performed. Before and up to 30 minutes after each test, specific airway resistance and FEV, were determined. Postexertional bronchoconstriction after theophylline was expressed by means of a protection index, a value of 0 or 1 meaning no or full protection, respectively. At mean (SD) serum theophylline concentrations of 6.7 (1.3), 10.1 (1.7), and 6.3 (1.4) mg/L, respectively, TE200, TE351, and TPD for specific airway resistance caused a significant bronchodilation (p less than 0.05) and resulted in mean (SD) protection indices of 0.61 (0.15), 0.82 (0.14), and 0.65 (0.20), respectively, being significantly different from 0 (p less than 0.01). The protective effect of TE200 and TPD was equal and significantly less pronounced as compared to TE351 (p less than 0.01). Therefore, theophylline attenuated exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a dose-dependent fashion with significant protection at serum concentrations of about 6 mg/L. The effect of intravenous theophylline was independent of the diluents.
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PMID:Methylxanthines inhibit exercise-induced bronchoconstriction at low serum theophylline concentration and in a dose-dependent fashion. 334 83

The relationship of eosinophilia with smoking habits and with baseline lung function measurements has been studied in a working population of 912 men in the Paris area. Absolute numbers of eosinophils were related significantly to a history of asthma and eczema in childhood as well as to current tobacco consumption, whereas the percentage of eosinophils was related only to the occurrence of asthma and eczema. Forced expiratory volume in one second adjusted for smoking was significantly related to asthma, the presence of a common cold on the day of examination among those with a history of wheezing, and the percentage of eosinophils. The association between FEV and eosinophils was restricted to never smokers. Among never smokers without a history of asthma, eczema, wheezing, or a common cold on the day of examination, eosinophil percentages and counts were significantly associated with the level of FEV; eosinophil percentages explained 4.4% of the variance of FEV. These results suggest that eosinophilia might be a risk factor for chronic air-flow limitation among adult nonsmokers.
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PMID:Eosinophils, smoking, and lung function. An epidemiologic survey among 912 working men. 349 54

Cigarette smoking exerts deleterious effects not only on the respiratory tract, but also on the lung's parenchyma. The FEV is reduced in heavy chronic smokers. Persistent smoking has an unfavourable influence on mucociliary activity. According to the results of recent research almost 8 million people in the U.S. were suffering from chronic bronchitis in 1981. There is a direct correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked, over what period of time, and the incidence of chronic bronchitis. In studies with patients suffering from exacerbations of chronic bronchitis the most common bacterial pathogens found were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and certain viruses are counted amongst the non-bacterial pathogens. Antibiotics should be effective against such possible pathogens. The resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin/amoxicillin is currently observed in at least 12% of cases, whilst H. influenzae is regularly observed to be resistant to erythromycin. Cefaclor, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid offer satisfactory forms of treatment. Pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, B. catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila is often seen in smokers and patients with COLD. Haemocultures should be prepared for all hospitalized patients. Penicillin G and/or V is the agent of choice. Cefaclor or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole can be given to counter beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae whilst cefaclor, erythromycin, tetracycline or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole are used for the treatment of B. catarrhalis infections. In Legionella infections erythromycin is the preferred treatment. A combination of erythromycin and cefamandole or ceftriaxone is indicated for empirical management. Patients with COLD should be immunised with pneumococcus and influenza vaccines.
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PMID:[Smoking and lower respiratory tract infection]. 361 Mar 32

Epidemiologic studies support an association among elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), increased respiratory symptoms, and alterations in lung function. To determine if low level NO2 inhalation potentiates exercise-induced bronchospasm, 15 asthmatic subjects, defined by airway constriction with cold air provocation, inhaled 0.30 ppm (560 micrograms/m3) NO2 for 30 min. All asthmatics inhaled either air or 0.30 ppm NO2 via a mouthpiece for 20 min at rest followed by 10 min of exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a workload of 300 kpm/min, producing a 3-fold or greater increase in minute ventilation. Our studies showed 72 +/- 2 (SE)% deposition of inhaled NO2 at rest and 87 +/- 1% deposition with exercise (p less than 0.001). Nitrogen dioxide inhalation at rest resulted in no significant change in pulmonary function. Nitrogen dioxide inhalation plus exercise compared to control (air) exposure plus exercise produced significantly greater reductions in FEV (p less than 0.01) and partial expiratory flow rates at 60% of total lung capacity (p less than 0.05). One hour after completion of NO2 exposure and exercise, pulmonary function had returned to baseline values. To determine if NO2 exposure caused increased reactivity to a known bronchoconstrictor, asthmatic subjects inhaled cold air (range: -11 +/- 2 degrees C) at 3 successive rates of isocapnic ventilation. The response to cold air was expressed as the respiratory heat exchange required to reduce the FEV by 10% (PD10RHE). Prior NO2 exposure potentiated the fall in FEV, PD10RHE, and specific airway conductance (p less than 0.05) after isocapnic cold air hyperventilation, compared to the control exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Inhalation of 0.30 ppm nitrogen dioxide potentiates exercise-induced bronchospasm in asthmatics. 378 20

In 270 patients with COLD, bronchial asthma, exogenic allergic alveolitis or fibrosis of the lung measurements of VC, FEV 1,0, Rt, RV, DL CO, CL, PO2 and PAP (by means of floating catheter) were made. Results of measurements at rest and during exercise were compared after statistical treatment in the above groups and their value with regard to the determination of physical fitness was appreciated.
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PMID:[Contribution to the assessment of physical fitness in patients with pulmonary diseases on the basis of cardiopulmonary and ergometric parameters (author's transl)]. 722 10

Although the most objective assessment of the severity of COLD is done by spirometer, this is not as readily available in Nigeria as the electrocardiograph, thus the ECG is often used to assess it. This study examines the relationship between the ECG findings and FEV 1 obtained by spirometry and expressed as a proportion predicted for age and sex in 92 Nigerians with COLD of which 39 had associated pulmonate. There was an inverse relationship between the mean electrical axis of the P wave on the ECG and the FEV 1 of predicted. The axis was more positive (82 +/- 12 degrees) among those with FEV 1 less than 50% of predicted (group 1) and this decreased progressively with increasing FEV 1 to 72 +/- 14 degrees in those with FEV 1 between 50-70% (group 2) and 67 +/- 16 degrees in those with FEV 1 greater than 70% (group 3). There was also a significant relationship between FEV 1 and the development of cor pulmonale and 71.4% of those who had the lowest FEV 1 (group 1) had cor pulmonale while the proportion decreased with the reduction in the severity of airway obstruction. A rightward P wave axis greater than 80% was statistically significant associated with development of cor pulmonale (X2 = 29.5 (P < 0.001) of those with COLD and cor pulmonale, 72.2% had a P wave axis greater than 80%. Only 13.2% of those with COLD alone had a P wave axis greater than 80 degrees. Cardiac arrhythmias were present in 28 patients, ventricular (VA) in 23 cases, and atrial (AA) in 7 cases. Both AA and VA were associated with more severe airway obstruction. All 3 patients who had atrial fibrillation (AF) and FEV 1 below 50% of predicted (group 1) and had cor pulmonale while 2 of the remaining 4 with AA also were in group 1 and the remaining 2 in group 2. The distribution of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) showed that 10 (43.5%) were in group 1, 9 (39.1%) in group 2, and 2 (8.7%) in group 3. Both VA and AA were also significantly related to the development of cor pulmonale. A P wave amplitude greater than 2.5 mm was significantly related to the development of clinical cor pulmonale X2 = 24.6 P < 0.001. The results show that ECG findings correlate well with spirometric assessments of FEV 1 and clinical severity in Nigerians with COLD and are, therefore, useful where spirometry is unavailable.
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PMID:Relationship of the ECG with ventilatory function tests in chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in Nigerians. 1045 50

Exacerbations of asthma are often associated with rhinovirus infections. However, it has not been investigated whether rhinovirus infection can induce variable airway obstruction in asthma. We examined the effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 (RV16) infection on daily home recordings of FEV(1) in 27 subjects (nonsmoking, atopic, mildly asthmatic) who participated in a parallel placebo-controlled study. The subjects used a microspirometer to record FEV(1) three times daily from 4 d before until 10 d after RV16 (n = 19) or placebo (n = 8) inoculation. In addition, symptoms of asthma and symptoms of common cold were scored. Airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine was measured 3 d before and on Days 4 and 11 after RV16/placebo administration. Home recordings of FEV(1) decreased significantly after RV16 infection, reaching a minimum 2 d after inoculation (ANOVA, p </= 0.005), which was significantly different from placebo (p </= 0.004). In the RV16 group the lowest FEV(1) (expressed as a percentage of personal best) during Days 0-3 after infection (mean +/- SEM: 78.7 +/- 2.6% versus baseline: 85.6 +/- 1.2%, p = 0.008) correlated significantly with the cold score (r = -0.47, p = 0.04), asthma score (r = -0.47, p = 0.04), and with the decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness on Day 4 as compared with baseline (r = 0.50, p = 0.03). We conclude that experimental RV16 infection augments variable airway obstruction in subjects with asthma. This favors a causative role for rhinovirus colds in asthma exacerbations, and is in keeping with rhinovirus-induced worsening of airway inflammation.
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PMID:Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection causes variable airway obstruction in subjects with atopic asthma. 1050 32


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