Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Early-weaned littermate piglets were acclimated to cold for 3 wk and then housed for 6 wk at a room temperature of 10 degrees C in individual cages. Half the littermates (OP) could switch on a heater and thus adjust temperature within a cage; the other half (CP) had access to a source of light only. Food was available ad libitum. It was found that when the room temperature was 10 degrees C OP maintained cage temperature at 17.3 degrees C, whereas that of CP was at 10.4 degrees C (P less than 0.001); rectal temperature of OP was 0.4 degree C (P less than 0.01), and locomotor activity 19.9% (P less than 0.001) higher than in CP. Oxygen consumption measured at 25 degrees C was 12.5% lower (P less than 0.05) in OP than CP, but did not differ when measured at 10 degrees C. There were no differences in food intake and growth rate, but the food conversion ratio was improved by 10.9% (P less than 0.01) in OP in comparison with CP. By the end of the experiment CP had shorter bodies, tails and snouts and smaller heads and ears than CP. No difference in distribution of tissues, size of internal organs, or dry matter and energy content in tissues was observed between the groups. The role of autonomic vs. behavioral thermoregulation in maintaining a mammal's energy balance and thermal homeostasis is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Effect of permanent access to operant heating on energy balance of growing pigs. 381 69

The embryotoxicity of ultrasound exposure during pregnancy was investigated in DUB:(ICR) mice. On day 0 of gestation (day of plug), pregnant mice were assigned to one of five groups: cage control, sham exposed (0 W/cm2), 0.05 W/cm2, 0.50 W/cm2. or 1.00 W/cm2. Females were anesthetized on day 8 of gestation and their abdomens were shaved to assure good acoustic coupling. The animals were strapped on a lucite board and placed vertically into a distilled degassed water bath (30 degrees C) so that the abdomen was fully submerged and centered in the axis of the ultrasonic beam. Insonation was carried out using a PZT transducer with a radius of 1.27 cm and a frequency of 1 MHz under continuous wave conditions. Each animal was placed at a distance of 25 cm from the transducer and exposed to the appropriate intensity for 120 seconds. On day 17 of gestation, the maternal animals were killed, the uterine contents were examined, and live fetuses were weighed and then shipped in cold lactated Ringer's solution from Maryland to Arkansas. Fetuses were examined on the day following maternal sacrifice for external and visceral defects and skeletons were prepared and examined subsequently. Slight but significant differences were detected between the cage control and sham-exposed groups. No statistically significant changes were seen that could be attributed to ultrasound exposure, although there was a slight increase in the incidence of malformed fetuses and the occurrence of multiple malformations in individual fetuses as intensity of the ultrasonic exposure increased.
 ...
PMID:The embryotoxic effects of ultrasound exposure in pregnant ICR mice. 686 46

In a number of successive tests, grooming, swimming, and eating behaviors of decorticate rats were reexamined by evoking the behaviors in various circumstances (stimulus conditions). The rats showed normal-length grooming sequences during spontaneous home cage grooming; when grooming was elicited by removing the rats from their home cage and soaking their fur by a brief swim, grooming-sequence length was abbreviated. In cold (18 degrees C) water, they swam well and with exaggerated vigor and frequently inhibited forelimb movements; in warm (37 degrees C) water, they swam poorly and paddled with all four limbs. To eat small pieces of food, they sat up and used their forepaws as do normal rats, but they frequently dropped the food; they did not use their forepaws to eat large pieces of food. When given powdered food, they first tried to grasp it in their mouth while they scratched at the floor surface with their front limbs; thereafter, they became increasingly proficient in licking it up. Thus, in a narrow range of stimulus conditions, decorticate rats can make movements resembling those of normal rats. They also improve with practice in some (eating powdered food) but not other (forepaw immobility, eating large food pellets) tasks. The study shows that in order to elucidate the role of the cortex in control of motor behavior, it is necessary to obtain "behavior profiles" of each behavior by testing the animals repeatedly and under widely varying test conditions.
 ...
PMID:Environmental constraints on motor abilities used in grooming, swimming, and eating by decorticate rats. 730 30

Microtubules play a role important in regulating cell shape and in mediating organelle movements. These functions are especially important in elaborately branched neurons, which have many stable microtubules that are resistant to cold and to microtubule depolymerizing drugs. We examined the three-dimensional organization of microtubules in cell bodies of cultured chick embryo sensory neurons, using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microtubules were visualized with antibodies against alpha-tubulin and post-translationally modified forms of alpha-tubulin that accumulate in older microtubules. Optical sections were collected through neuronal somata, and the images were reconstructed in three dimensions. In neuronal perikarya a dense network of older microtubules is co-localized with the Golgi apparatus. This complex of the Golgi and older microtubules usually lies beneath the cell nucleus and is oriented toward the substratum. From this region, older microtubules extend into each neurite. A cage of older microtubules extends around the nucleus to the top of the perikaryon. The stability of these microtubules was confirmed by their resistance to the depolymerizing drug, nocodazole. This arrangement of stable microtubules in a developing neuron provides a supporting cytoskeleton and a transport pathway for movement of cytoplasmic components between the Golgi apparatus, the perikaryon and developing neurites.
 ...
PMID:Three-dimensional organization of stable microtubules and the Golgi apparatus in the somata of developing chick sensory neurons. 779 14

Routine urothelial biopsies of the lower urinary tract are obtained using the cold cup biopsy technique. This procedure is most often performed in the surgical suite and requires rigid endoscopic access and the use of biopsy forceps and Bugbee electrodes to obtain tissue for histologic examination. A new single-step biopsy forceps has been used through the flexible cystoscope. Using a 16 F actively deflectable, flexible cystoscope and the 5.4 F Therma Jaw Hot Urologic Forceps, bladder biopsies were obtained in 27 patients for a variety of indications. This biopsy forceps allows simultaneous tissue sampling and electrocoagulation of the biopsy site, thus eliminating the need for exchange of instruments through the flexible cystoscope. Tissue samples are somewhat protected from thermal changes during coagulation through the use of a Faraday cage. Biopsies were frequently obtained in an outpatient setting, requiring only local topical anesthesia (2% lidocaine jelly). Carcinoma in situ, transitional cell carcinoma, acute and chronic inflammation, and normal bladder mucosa were differentiated histologically. Using this technique, lower urinary tract urothelial mapping can be performed safely in the office with minimal patient discomfort.
 ...
PMID:Flexible cystoscopic bladder biopsies: a technique for outpatient evaluation of the lower urinary tract urothelium. 797 52

One-week exposure to crowding stress has been reported to affect body weight and pituitary-adrenal axis activity. This study has first evaluated whether the aforementioned changes are associated with altered exploratory activity. One-week crowding (16 rats/cage) diminished body weight gains, compared to the control situation (four rats/cage): actually, this difference was mainly due to a marked loss in food intake and body weight following the first day of crowding. On the other hand, 1-week crowded rats were not different from their controls when placed for the first time in an open field, as shown by the analysis of their exploratory activities, their number of grooming episodes, and their defecation. Psychoneuroendocrine effects of 1-day crowding were then investigated: actually, open field behaviors were not modified but basal plasma glucose levels were decreased. Moreover, neither plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels nor 2-min cold swim-induced increases in corticosterone levels were affected. Besides, cold swim-induced increases in plasma ACTH levels were amplified in crowded rats, and these increases were associated with hyperglycemia in crowded, but not in control rats. It is suggested that 1-day exposure to crowding has differential consequences upon feeding and exploratory behaviors while potentiating the responsiveness of stress hormones.
 ...
PMID:Psychoneuroendocrine outcomes of short-term crowding stress. 824 55

Osteocalcin (OC), an extracellular calcium-binding protein of bone origin, is synthesized by osteoblasts and binds with high specificity to bone mineral crystals. A small, but relatively consistent portion of newly synthesized OC which is released to circulation has been well correlated with histological indices of osteoblastic activity. Synthesis of OC is regulated by numerous hormones including glucocorticoids. We previously reported that mild mental stressors such as cage change or cold exposure decreased rat plasma OC by up to 40% within 1 h. A similar response was induced in a time- and dose-related manner by injection of physiological levels of corticosterone (CS), the active glucocorticoid in rats. Prone immobilization by foot restraint of conscious rats for up to 2 h (IMMO) is a well-characterized model of classic "fight-or-flight" response. This model induces an immediate and prolonged elevation of CS, as well as the catecholamines epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). In marked contrast to milder stressors, immobilization induced an immediate increase of plasma OC, greater than 50% within 5-20 min, which returned toward normal after 2 h of restraint. Selective ablation of the hormones by adrenal medulectomy, adrenalectomy, or blockade of sympathetic ganglia did not abolish the initial rapid rise of plasma OC. Even before IMMO, plasma OC was increased by about 50% in the absence of sympathetic neural function or adrenal CS production. The presence of both CS and NE, but not E, was required to return plasma OC concentrations to basal levels. This strongly suggests interaction of CS and NE to regulate plasma OC and its release from bone. As expected, prior cold exposure lowered plasma OC, but did not abolish a subsequent increase in response to IMMO, nor did IMMO repeated daily for 7 days. The stimulus for the initial rapid elevation of OC is unknown, but likely to be of importance in the role OC plays in response to stress. Further investigation of the OC under mental stress should help to understand the function of this abundant and highly conserved bone protein.
 ...
PMID:Regulation of plasma osteocalcin by corticosterone and norepinephrine during restraint stress. 857 58

This study extends previous observations of the conditions under which enhancement of lymphocyte activity occurs following cold swim stress and presents a possible explanation for the enhancement observed. Eight- to twelve-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats swam for 10 minutes daily for one, three, or five days in cold water at 15 degrees C and were killed 0, 30, or 240 minutes following the last swim. Apparatus control animals were placed into an empty swim tank for 10 minutes and then returned to their home cages. Home cage control animals were not manipulated experimentally at all. Splenocyte but not thymocyte responses to concanavalim A were significantly enhanced after one, three, and five days of stress. This enhancement was seen after 0, 30, and 240 minutes of recovery and also in the apparatus controls! The number of splenocytes did not change significantly, but thymocyte number declined following the swims. The blood displayed no changes in leukocyte percents. Serum corticosterone levels were significantly higher and serum testosterone levels were significantly lower after one, three, and five days of stress. The drop in testosterone levels may have released the lymphocytes from inhibition by this hormone, resulting in increased responsiveness. There were significant elevations in levels of blood glucose and protein following one, three, and five days of stress sessions, correlated with the increases in serum corticosterone.
 ...
PMID:Cold swim stress leads to enhanced splenocyte responsiveness to concanavalin A, decreased serum testosterone, and increased serum corticosterone, glucose, and protein. 869 31

Neuroendocrine correlates of chronic stress in human infants have not been established. The goal of the present study was to create an animal model of continuous chronic stress using the immature rat to measure basal plasma corticosterone, and secretion of plasma corticosterone in response to an acute stress. This was achieved by modulation of the cage environment for rat pups and their mothers. During postnatal days 2-9, pups were maintained in three groups: (1) handled, (2) not handled and with ample bedding; and (3) not handled with limited bedding. On postnatal day 9, some pups from each group were subjected to acute cold-separation stress and were killed 90, 240, or 360 min later along with unstressed controls. The group not handled and with limited bedding manifested increased plasma corticosterone output even without cold exposure and a sustained increase of plasma corticosterone after cold-separation stress. Plasma corticosterone interanimal variability was increased and body weight was decreased in these pups, typical of a state of chronic stress. The first model of continuous stress in infant rats in which upregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is achieved without maternal separation is presented. This paradigm may more closely approximate the human situation of chronically stressed, neglected infants.
 ...
PMID:Abnormal corticosterone regulation in an immature rat model of continuous chronic stress. 888 44

A selected line of White Leghorns that has shown improved survivability and productivity and reduced feather loss in multiple-hen cages was evaluated for hematological and adrenal responses under both stressed and unstressed conditions. It was hypothesized that hens selected for adaptation to multiple-bird cages would react less intensely to stressors. Three lines of chickens (selected, control, and commercial) were housed in either single-hen (1 hen) or multiple-hen cages (12 hens, social competition) at 16.7 or 17.1 wk of age. They were subsequently subjected to cold exposure at 33 wk of age and heat exposure at 44 wk of age. Genetic stock as a main effect, and the interaction of genetic stock with either a cold or heated environment or with cage size, had no effect on plasma levels of cholesterol and corticosterone. At the time of transfer to laying cages, the selected line of pullets, as indicated by a decrease in packed cell volume, appeared to adapt more quickly to the new waterer system of multiple-hen cages than did the control and commercial lines. At 33 wk of age, the control and commercial lines in multiple-hen cages experienced heterophilia and increased heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, whereas the selected line did not, when compared with these same lines in single-hen cages. This leucocytic response could be interpreted to mean that the selected line of chickens adapted better to social competition than either the control or commercial lines; however, a similar leucocytic response was not observed at 18 or 44 wk of age. In conclusion, the physiological characterization of the selected line of Leghorns showed evidence of improved adaptation to multiple-hen cages when compared to the other stocks. In some cases, the selected line responded less intensely to stress; however, trends were not always consistent.
 ...
PMID:Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: hematology and adrenal function. 893 81


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>