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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The subcellular localization of microtubule proteins in the neurons of squid (Doryteuthis bleekeri) was immunologically studied using monoclonal antibodies against the microtubule proteins. We found that (1) the squid neurons contained three kinds of high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated proteins [MAP A of approximately 300 kilodaltons (kD), MAP B of 260 kD, and axolinin of 260 kD] and two kinds of beta-tubulin isotypes (beta 1 and beta 2); (2) the cell body of the squid giant neuron contained MAP A, MAP B, and the two beta-tubulin isotypes (beta 1 and beta 2); (3) axolinin and the beta 1 isotype were present exclusively in the peripheral axoplasm of the giant axon; and (4) a small amount of axolinin, MAP A, and the beta 1 isotype was found in the insoluble aspect of the central axoplasm, whereas the soluble aspect of the central axoplasm contained an abundant amount of MAP A along with the modified form of the beta 1 isotype. The regional difference of the distribution of the microtubule protein components may explain the differences in stability among axonal microtubules. Microtubules in the soluble aspect of the central axoplasm are sensitive to any treatment with colchicine, cold temperature, and high ionic strength but those both in the insoluble aspect of the central axoplasm and in the peripheral axoplasm are highly insensitive to the treatment.
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PMID:Subcellular localization of functionally differentiated microtubules in squid neurons: regional distribution of microtubule-associated proteins and beta-tubulin isotypes. 318 61

We have used in vitro mutagenesis and gene replacement to construct five new cold-sensitive mutations in TUB2, the sole gene encoding beta-tubulin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These and one previously isolated tub2 mutant display diverse phenotypes that have allowed us to define the functions of yeast microtubules in vivo. At the restrictive temperature, all of the tub2 mutations inhibit chromosome segregation and block the mitotic cell cycle. However, different microtubule arrays are present in these arrested cells depending on the tub2 allele. One mutant (tub2-401) contains no detectable microtubules, two (tub2-403 and tub2-405) contain greatly diminished levels of both nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubules, one (tub2-104) contains predominantly nuclear microtubules, one (tub2-402) contains predominantly cytoplasmic microtubules, and one (tub2-404) contains prominent nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Using these mutants we demonstrate here that cytoplasmic microtubules are necessary for nuclear migration during the mitotic cell cycle and for nuclear migration and fusion during conjugation; only those mutants that possess cytoplasmic microtubules are able to perform these functions. We also show that microtubules are not required for secretory vesicle transport in yeast; bud growth and invertase secretion occur in cells which contain no microtubules.
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PMID:Diverse effects of beta-tubulin mutations on microtubule formation and function. 329 Feb 23

Mutations in genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that code for proteins that interact with beta-tubulin were sought by screening for unlinked mutations that fail to complement mutations in the single beta-tubulin-encoding gene (TUB2). Among the first three noncomplementing mutations examined, two are linked to TUB2 while one is unlinked. The unlinked mutation was shown to be a conditional-lethal allele of the major alpha-tubulin-encoding gene (TUB1) and represents the first such mutation in that gene. The tub1-1 mutation itself causes a cold-sensitive cell-cycle arrest, and confers supersensitivity to the antimicrotubule drug benomyl. These phenotypes occur in the presence of a wild-type copy of the minor alpha-tubulin-encoding gene, TUB3; the combination of tub1-1 and a tub3 null mutation is inviable in haploids. Through further application of this method, new mutations in TUB2 and TUB3 were isolated as unlinked noncomplementers of tub1-1. The noncomplementation between tub1 and tub2 mutations is gene specific and allele specific, suggesting that the phenotype is due to an interaction at the protein level. We conclude that isolation of unlinked noncomplementing mutations is likely to be a generally useful method for isolating mutations in interacting gene products.
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PMID:Unlinked noncomplementation: isolation of new conditional-lethal mutations in each of the tubulin genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 329

We have mapped 17 extragenic suppressors of benA33, a heat-sensitive beta-tubulin mutation of Aspergillus nidulans, to the tubA alpha tubulin locus. Fifteen of these tubA mutations cause cold sensitivity in a genetic background with benA33 and appear to cause lethality in a background with the wild-type benA allele. We examined the microtubule-mediated processes, nuclear division and nuclear migration, in seven different cold-sensitive double mutants, each carrying benA33 and a different cold-sensitive tubA allele. Nuclear division and migration were inhibited at a restrictive temperature in each case, suggesting that cold sensitivity is due to the inhibition of microtubule function at low temperatures. A single allele, tubA4, suppressed the heat sensitivity conferred by benA33 but did not confer cold sensitivity in a benA33 background, however in a wild-type benA background, tubA4 conferred supersensitivity to antimicrotubule agents and weak cold sensitivity. TubA4 did not suppress the heat sensitivity conferred by two other benA alleles. The cold sensitivity conferred by tubA4 was suppressed by the microtubule stabilizing agent deuterium oxide, and the suppression of heat sensitivity conferred by four other tubA mutations was reversed by deuterium oxide. These results suggest that these mutations may affect hydrophobic interactions between alpha- and beta-tubulin.
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PMID:Conditionally lethal tubA alpha-tubulin mutations in Aspergillus nidulans. 330 5

alpha- and beta-Tubulin are encoded in vertebrate genomes by a family of approximately 6-7 functional genes whose polypeptide products differ in amino acid sequence. In the chicken, one beta-tubulin isotype (c beta 6) has previously been found to be expressed only in thrombocytes and erythroid cells, where it is assembled into a circumferential ring of marginal band microtubules. In light of its unique in vivo utilization and its divergent assembly properties in vitro, we used DNA transfection to test whether this isotype could be assembled in vivo into microtubules of divergent functions. Using an antibody specific to c beta 6, we have found that upon transfection this polypeptide is freely coassembled into an extensive array of interphase cytoplasmic microtubules and into astral and pole-to-chromosome or pole-to-pole microtubules during mitosis. Further, examination of developing chicken erythrocytes reveals that both beta-tubulins that are expressed in these cells (c beta 6 and c beta 3) are found as co-polymers of the two isoforms. These results, in conjunction with efforts that have localized various other beta-tubulin isotypes, demonstrate that to the resolution limit afforded by light microscopy in vivo microtubules in vertebrates are random copolymers of available isotypes. Although these findings are consistent with functional interchangeability of beta-tubulin isotypes, we have also found that in vivo microtubules enriched in c beta 3 polypeptides are more sensitive to cold depolymerization than those enriched in c beta 6. This differential quantitative utilization of the two endogenous isotypes documents that some in vivo functional differences between isotypes do exist.
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PMID:In vivo coassembly of a divergent beta-tubulin subunit (c beta 6) into microtubules of different function. 331 49

Cold-stable, cold-labile and unpolymerized tubulins extracted from thalamic nuclei (soma-enriched fraction) and various nerves (both central and peripheral: axon-enriched fractions) appear different when analyzed by high-resolution isoelectric focusing. Cold-labile tubulin appears identical to unpolymerized tubulin. The axonal fractions contain fewer tubulin isotypes than the soma-enriched fraction; the peripheral axonal fraction has fewer isotypes than the central fraction. Cold-stable tubulin exhibits a specific pattern characterized by the abundance of two isotypes of alpha-tubulin, 7 and 8, and one beta-tubulin, isotype 9, with slightly different patterns of the axon-enriched fractions from the central and peripheral nervous systems. Our results suggest that the cold stability of microtubules is based on biochemical properties of tubulin, and confirm the domain specificity of the heterogeneity of tubulin.
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PMID:Biochemical basis of microtubule cold stability in the peripheral and central nervous systems. 340 12

We identified four mutations in two previously undescribed loci involved in microtubule function in Aspergillus nidulans as extragenic suppressors of benA33, a heat-sensitive beta-tubulin mutation. Three of the four mutations map to a locus closely linked to riboB on linkage group VIII; we designated this locus mipA (for microtubule-interacting protein). We were not able to map the remaining suppressor because of chromosomal rearrangements. However, since it recombines with riboB at a significantly higher frequency than the mipA alleles, it is unlikely to be in mipA; thus, we designated it mipB1. The mip mutations are not allelic to the previously identified loci that encode alpha- and beta-tubulin, and it is likely that mipA and mipB encode previously unidentified nontubulin proteins involved in microtubule function. Each of the mip mutations suppresses the heat sensitivity conferred by benA33 and suppresses the blockage of nuclear division and movement conferred by this mutation at high temperatures. Interactions between mipA and benA are allele specific. All of the mipA mutations are cryptic in a wild-type benA background but cause cold sensitivity in combination with benA33. These mutations also confer cold sensitivity in combination with benA31 and benA32 and reduce the resistance conferred by these mutations to the antimicrotubule agent benomyl but do not suppress the heat sensitivity conferred by these alleles. Finally, the mipA alleles suppress the heat sensitivity conferred by benA11, benA17, and benA21 but do not confer cold sensitivity in combination with these alleles.
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PMID:Isolation of mip (microtubule-interacting protein) mutations of Aspergillus nidulans. 353 28

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two alpha-tubulin genes and one beta-tubulin gene. Gene disruption experiments showed that the alpha 1-tubulin gene (NDA2) is essential whereas the alpha 2 gene is dispensable. The alpha 2-disrupted cells missing alpha 2 transcript and alpha 2 polypeptide could grow and sporulate normally. The alpha 2 gene, however, was expressed in the wild type and the alpha 1 mutant. Alpha 2-Tubulin was distinguished as an electrophoretic band and was assembled into microtubules. The alpha 2-disrupted cells had an increased sensitivity to an antimicrotubule drug thiabendazole, and the alpha 1(cold-sensitive [cs]) alpha 2 (disrupted) cells became not only cs but also temperature sensitive. Northern blot experiments indicated that alpha 2 transcription was minor and constitutive whereas alpha 1 transcription was major and modulated, depending on the gene copy number of the alpha 2 gene. The amounts of alpha 1 and alpha 2 polypeptides estimated by beta-galactosidase activities of the lacZ-fused genes integrated on the chromosome and by intensities of the electrophoretic bands in crude tubulin fractions, however, were comparable, indicating that alpha 2 tubulin is not a minor subtype. We assume that the cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have no excess tubulin pool. alpha 1 mutants would then be blocked in the cell cycle because only half the amount of functional alpha-tubulin required for growth can be produced by the alpha 2 gene. On the other hand, the alpha 2-disrupted cells became viable because the synthesis of alpha 1 tubulin was increased by transcriptional or translational modulation or both. The real cause for essential alpha 1 and dispensable alpha 2 genes seems to be in their regulatory sequences instead of the coding sequences.
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PMID:Differential expressions of essential and nonessential alpha-tubulin genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 378 93

We have isolated large numbers of conditionally lethal beta-tubulin mutations to provide raw material for analyzing the structure and function of beta tubulin and of microtubules. We have isolated such mutations as intragenic suppressors of benA33, a heat-sensitive (hs-) beta-tubulin mutation of Aspergillus nidulans. Among over 2,600 revertants isolated, 126 were cold-sensitive (cs-). In 41 of 78 cs- revertants analyzed, cold sensitivity and reversion from hs- to hs+ were due to mutations linked to benA33. In three cases reversion was due to mutations closely linked to benA33 but cold sensitivity was due to a coincidental mutation unlinked to benA33. In the remaining 34 cases reversion was due to mutations unlinked to benA33. Thirty-three of the revertants in which cold sensitivity and reversion were linked to benA33 were sufficiently cold-sensitive to allow us to select for rare recombinants between benA33 and putative suppressors in a revertant X wild-type (wt) cross. We found only one recombinant among 1,000 or more viable progeny from crosses of each of these revertants with a wt strain. Reversion is thus due to a back mutation or very closely linked suppressor in each case. We have analyzed 17 of these 33 revertants with greater precision and have found that, in each case, reversion is due to a suppressor mutation that maps to the right of benA33. The recombination frequencies between benA33 and the suppressors are very low (less than 1.2 X 10(-4)) in all cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of cold-sensitive mutations at the benA, beta-tubulin, locus of Aspergillus nidulans. 390 35

The cells of a cold-sensitive mutant nda3-KM311 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe were arrested highly synchronously at a step similar to mitotic prophase when incubated at a restrictive temperature. DAPI staining and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed three condensed chromosomes but no spindle. Six minutes after the temperature shifted to a permissive one, the spindle appeared and elongated. The chromosomes were separated at a constant speed (relative velocity 1 micron/min), and the spindle disappeared after the chromosomes reached opposite ends of the cell. The NDA3 gene of S. pombe was cloned by transformation. The 2.6 kb Hind III genomic DNA that complemented the nda3 mutations had only one coding frame split with five short introns. The predicted amino acid sequence contained 448 residues, and was 75% homologous to that of chicken beta-tubulin.
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PMID:The NDA3 gene of fission yeast encodes beta-tubulin: a cold-sensitive nda3 mutation reversibly blocks spindle formation and chromosome movement in mitosis. 609 12


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