Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

DNA preparations obtained from 122 species of fishes, 5 species of amphibians, and 13 species of reptiles were investigated in their compositional properties by analytical equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. These species represented 21 orders of Osteichthyes, 3 orders of Chondrichthyes, 2 orders of amphibians, and 3 orders of reptiles. Modal buoyant densities of fish DNAs ranged from 1.696 to 1.707 g/cm3, the vast majority of values falling, however, between 1.699 and 1.704 g/cm3, which is the range covered by the DNAs of amphibians and reptiles. In all cases, DNA bands in CsCl were only weakly asymmetrical and only very rarely were accompanied by separate satellite bands (mostly on the GC-rich side). Intermolecular compositional heterogeneities were low in the vast majority of cases, and, like CsCl band asymmetries, at least partially due to cryptic or poorly resolved satellites. The present findings indicate, therefore, that DNAs from cold-blooded vertebrates are characterized by a number of common properties, namely a very wide spectrum of modal buoyant densities, low intermolecular compositional heterogeneities, low CsCl band asymmetries, and, in most cases, small amounts of satellite DNAs. In the case of fish DNAs a negative correlation was found between the GC level and the haploid size (c value) of the genome. If polyploidization is neglected, this phenomenon appears to be mainly due to the fact that increases and decreases in GC are associated with contraction and expansion phenomena, respectively, of intergenic noncoding sequences, which are GC poor relative to coding sequences.
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PMID:Compositional patterns in the nuclear genome of cold-blooded vertebrates. 212 75

One hundred and twenty sera with monoclonal immunoglobulin M's (IgM's) were tested for cryptic cold agglutinin activity against papain- and neuraminidase-treated adult and cord red blood cells (RBC). Fifteen sera (12.5%) agglutinated papain-treated RBC. Fourteen of these 15 sera also agglutinated neuraminidase-treated RBC. Ten additional sera agglutinated neuraminidase-treated but not papain-treated cells. Three patterns were observed among agglutinators of papain-treated RBC: either predominant agglutination of adult RBC, or of cord RBC or equal reaction, thus resembling I, i and non-Ii patterns of conventional cold agglutinins. We propose to call these patterns, tentatively, Icr (cr for cryptic), icr, and non-Iicr, respectively. Purified monoclonal IgM's retained the above patterns. Eluates from enzyme-treated cells contained monoclonal IgM's. Investigation of neuraminidase-treated RBC has shown that in distinction to T-anti-T system (Thomsen-Friedenreich receptor system), the majority of sera with monoclonal IgM's agglutinated more strongly adult RBC, and some agglutinated more strongly cord RBC. There was no loss of agglutinating activity after repeat freezing and thawing of the sera. Thus, it seems that monoclonal IgM's which react with neuraminidase-treated RBC detect antigenic determinants different from the T antigen. Cryptic CA activity of IgM's should be added to the list of antibody activities of these monoclonal immunoglobulins.
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PMID:Cryptic cold agglutinin activity of monoclonal macroglobulins. 244 3

Aspects of cold-promoted activation (CPA) and contact system activation (CSA) of human plasma were assayed in 13 normal subjects, 11 asthmatics and 15 patients with history of allergy to x-ray contrast media, to see whether the phenomena were correlated. Cold activation commonly occurs in stored plasma in 60% of women taking oral contraceptives, 93% of women in 3rd trimester of pregnancy, but only 15% of normal subjects. It is assayed by measuring kallikrein. CSA also occurs at low temperatures, but is dependent on soluble negatively-charged surfaces. It is assayed using dextran SO4 or polybrene. In this study, kallikrein amidolytic activity with dextran SO4-CDA and cold-dilution CDA were positively correlated in asthmatics. The allergic patients showing elevated B-CDA values also had shortened Thrombotest times with cold dilution, while those with normal B-CDA values had normal coagulation times. The significance of these results were discussed, including the theoretical possibility that cryptic surface phenomena may be involved in the heightened coagulability of plasma in women taking oral contraceptives.
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PMID:Analogous features of cold-promoted activation and contact system activation in human plasmas: the role of cryptic soluble surfaces in asthma, oral contraception and pregnancy. 244 98

An early increase in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine levels in rat cerebral capillaries was previously implicated in the mediation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in cold-injured brain. A time course study in rat cerebrum indicated that cold injury evokes a biphasic increase in ODC activity and polyamine levels in perilesional cortex. ODC activity rose sharply (fourfold) within 1 min, remained elevated for 5 min, and then returned to the basal level by 10 min. A transient rise in polyamine concentration followed in the rank order of putrescine greater than spermidine greater than spermine. A secondary rise in ODC activity commenced in perilesional tissue at 2-6 h and peaked (8.8-fold) at 48 h. Major increases in the content of putrescine (330%), spermidine (103%), and spermine (50%) developed at 48-72 h. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific irreversible inhibitor of ODC, suppressed the evoked increase in ODC activity and abolished the associated increase in content of polyamines, findings indicating that the accumulation of polyamines in cryoinjured brain reflects enhanced synthesis resulting from an ODC-mediated increase in putrescine content. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D were without effect on the early increase in ODC activity but inhibited the delayed increase in ODC activity, an observation suggesting that the initial increase in activity reflects an activation of a cryptic ODC via a posttranslational process, whereas the delayed increase in activity results from ODC synthesis mainly under transcriptional control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Blood-brain barrier breakdown in cold-injured brain is linked to a biphasic stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine synthesis: both are coordinately inhibited by verapamil, dexamethasone, and aspirin. 249 56

We identified four mutations in two previously undescribed loci involved in microtubule function in Aspergillus nidulans as extragenic suppressors of benA33, a heat-sensitive beta-tubulin mutation. Three of the four mutations map to a locus closely linked to riboB on linkage group VIII; we designated this locus mipA (for microtubule-interacting protein). We were not able to map the remaining suppressor because of chromosomal rearrangements. However, since it recombines with riboB at a significantly higher frequency than the mipA alleles, it is unlikely to be in mipA; thus, we designated it mipB1. The mip mutations are not allelic to the previously identified loci that encode alpha- and beta-tubulin, and it is likely that mipA and mipB encode previously unidentified nontubulin proteins involved in microtubule function. Each of the mip mutations suppresses the heat sensitivity conferred by benA33 and suppresses the blockage of nuclear division and movement conferred by this mutation at high temperatures. Interactions between mipA and benA are allele specific. All of the mipA mutations are cryptic in a wild-type benA background but cause cold sensitivity in combination with benA33. These mutations also confer cold sensitivity in combination with benA31 and benA32 and reduce the resistance conferred by these mutations to the antimicrotubule agent benomyl but do not suppress the heat sensitivity conferred by these alleles. Finally, the mipA alleles suppress the heat sensitivity conferred by benA11, benA17, and benA21 but do not confer cold sensitivity in combination with these alleles.
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PMID:Isolation of mip (microtubule-interacting protein) mutations of Aspergillus nidulans. 353 28

An IgM lambda cold agglutinin reacted preferentially with newborn (i cord) and i adult erythrocytes. The whole serum of patient Vo and the antibody isolated by warm elution reacted moderately with native and neuraminidase-treated red cells but strongly with papainized red cells. Papainization of erythrocytes enhanced markedly the susceptibility of the corresponding antigen not only to antibody binding but also to the action of neuraminidase, indicating that sialic acid is the immunodominant component of the cryptic antigen. The cold agglutinin Vo is the first example of a human monoclonal antibody recognizing a sialic acid-dependent, developmentally regulated antigen fully expressed on newborn erythrocytes.
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PMID:Cold agglutinin Vo. An IgM lambda monoclonal human antibody recognizing a sialic acid determined antigen fully expressed on newborn erythrocytes. 620 12

Ribosomes have been shown to contain a proteolytic activity, characterized as an endopeptidase with serine in the active center. The enzyme has been given the name cathepsin R, following the recommendations of Barrett et al. (in a publication from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York) for naming new proteinases. The present paper contains evidence that cathepsin R in rat liver ribosomes is present in a cryptic form. Upon dissociation of ribosomes to subunits (and to minor extent also by 0.5 M KC1 washes), the cryptic proteinase is released. Activation of the released cathepsin R is effected by equilibration with 2 M NaC1/0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 4.8. The molecular weight of free cathepsin R is 25 000-30 000.
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PMID:The ribosomal serine proteinase, cathepsin R. Occurrence in rat-liver ribosomes in a cryptic form. 710 22

DNA methylation is ancestrally a mechanism for neutralizing potentially damaging DNA elements in the genome. The genomes of most multicellular organisms contain a small fraction of methylated DNA that contains the methylated elements, whereas the organism's own genes remain free of methylation. Vertebrates are exceptional among animals in that their genomes, including genes, are predominantly methylated. They retain the ability to inactivate viral DNA but have recruited the DNA methylation system for new functions. Widespread low-density methylation can contribute to lowering of the level of transcriptional "noise" from cryptic or inappropriate promoters. This may be the major advantage of DNA methylation in these organisms and may be sufficiently beneficial to offset the disadvantage of m5C mutability. The other novel feature of DNA methylation in vertebrates is the capacity to de novo methylate certain CpG islands, causing long-term strong repression. These evolutionary innovations may explain the high complexity of vertebrate organs and cell types.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1993
PMID:Functions for DNA methylation in vertebrates. 795 40

Mucosal injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion has been well documented with the small intestine, but little is known about the colon. In the present study, the effect of warm and cold ischemia on the canine colon was studied and compared to that on the small intestine. After in situ flushing, the small intestine and the colon from six beagle dogs were removed and stored for 0.5, 1.5, and 3 hr at 37 degrees C (warm ischemia) or for 1, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hr at 4 degrees C (cold ischemia). Electrophysiology, permeability, biochemistry, and histopathology of the specimens at each ischemic period and after reperfusion in the Ussing chamber were determined. Warm and cold ischemia induced duration-dependent suppression of electrophysiology in both organs, but the colonic mucosa retained higher activity of absorptive enterocytes and cryptic cells than the small intestine. Only the colon showed increased permeability of FITC-conjugated Dextran from the mucosal surface to the submucosal layer after prolonged ischemia. Changes in adenine nucleotides and purine catabolites were not markedly different between the organs. Histopathologic abnormalities during ischemia and after reperfusion were more serious with the small intestine than with the colon. Compared to warm ischemia, hypothermia lessened or delayed these morphofunctional derangements in both organs, which became universally worsened after reperfusion. Colonic mucosa receives morphofunctional derangements from ischemia and reperfusion, but the severity of the damage was much less severe in the colon than in the small intestine.
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PMID:Effect of ischemia on the canine large bowel: a comparison with the small intestine. 860 7

Alternative splicing is a regulatory process of gene expression based on the flexibility in the selection of splice sites. In this manuscript we present the characterisation of an alternative splicing of the NF1 pre-mRNA induced by cold-shock conditions. We demonstrate that the accuracy of the splicing mechanism was perturbed after keeping samples for a short period of time at room temperature, resulting in the insertion of a 31-bp cryptic exon between exons 4a and 4b of the NF1 mRNA. This alternative splicing is not cell type specific and is not induced by other stress conditions such as heat shock or hyper-osmolarity. The alternative spliced mRNA is efficiently transported to the cytoplasm and it is proven to belong to the poly A(+)mRNA fraction. Previous misleading interpretations about this transcript, together with our finding relating its presence to cold shock and not to the NF1 disease, strongly indicate that this phenomenon should be taken into account in genetic testing when RNA methodology is used for mutation detection. This is the first description of an alternative splicing induced by cold shock in a human pre-mRNA and should provide further insights into the factors that control alternative splicing.
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PMID:Cold shock induces the insertion of a cryptic exon in the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) mRNA. 1068 24


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