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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Brahman (n = 9) and 1/2 Simmental x 1/4 Brahman x 1/4 Hereford (n = 11) calves were utilized to determine the influence of exposure to cold on the physiology of the neonate. All calves were removed from their dams within 20 min of birth and prior to suckling. Calves were assigned randomly within breed to either a warm (W; 31 degrees C) or cold (C; 4 degrees C) environmental treatment group. Jugular blood samples were collected via indwelling catheters at 20-min intervals for 180 min. At 100 to 120 min of sampling, all calves were given 1.2 liters of colostrum from their dams via stomach tube. At 120 min, C calves were placed in the W environment. Calf vigor score (CVS) and rectal temperature were determined at each time blood was collected. Serum or plasma was analyzed for glucose (GLU), lactate (LAC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin (HEM), triglyceride (TRG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin (INS), cortisol (CORT) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration. Rectal temperature was lower (P less than .01) in C Brahman than in W Brahman and C or W crossbred calves. Crossbred calves had higher (P less than .01) CVS than Brahman calves. Calves in W had lower (P less than .01) GLU than C calves. Brahman calves had higher GLU, LAC, BUN, TRG, T3, T4 and CORT (P less than .05) than crossbred calves. The C Brahman calves had the highest (P less than .05) TRG, CORT, T3 and T4 of all groups. Concentration of NEFA were higher (P less than .01) in C than in W calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Physiological responses of newborn Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus calves after exposure to cold. 200 21

We have studied the effect of intraoperative body heat conservation and 24-h thermoneutrality on postoperative whole body protein turnover using stable isotope methodology in a group of elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery for rectosigmoid adenocarcinoma. Two groups of eight patients were studied. One group (control, or cold) received routine intraoperative and postoperative care. All patients in the second group (warmed) were maintained at normothermia during anaesthesia and surgery; these patients were nursed after surgery in a warm room (ambient temperature 28-30 degrees C) for a period of 24 h. General anaesthesia, surgical care and nutritional support were similar in both groups. A constant nutritional intake, based on nitrogen 0.1 g kg-1 day-1 and energy 20 kcal kg-1 day-1, was provided orally for 7 days before surgery and i.v. after operation for 4 consecutive days. Whole body protein breakdown and synthesis, as assessed by stable isotope methodology, increased significantly 2 and 4 days after surgery in both groups (P less than 0.01), but the increase in protein breakdown in the warmed group on day 2 was significantly less than that in the cold group (P less than 0.05). The increase in leucine oxidation in the warmed group on the 2nd day after surgery was not significant, and was less than the increase observed in the cold group (P less than 0.05). However, by the 4th day, leucine oxidation was enhanced significantly in both groups (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Postoperative protein metabolism: effect of nursing elderly patients for 24 h after abdominal surgery in a thermoneutral environment. 201 44

The effect of cold stress in the form of repeated hand immersion in ice cold water or repeated application to a hand of extremely cold - nitrogen gas, at a temperature of -180 degrees C (93 K), on the emptying of a meal-stimulated gallbladder was examined in seven healthy volunteers of both sexes. The control procedure consisted of repeated application to a hand of air at neutral temperatures (+35 degrees(-)+37 degrees C). Each subject underwent three examinations on separate days, the procedures being applied in random order. Gallbladder volume was measured by means of real-time ultrasonography. Measurements of volumes of the fasted gallbladder were also made on the three study days and gave similar values: 20.3 cm3, SEM 2.7 (control), 22.1 cm3, SEM 2.5 (cryotherapy), and 20.0 cm3, SEM 2.5 (cold immersion), F(2, 12) = 2.47, P greater than 0.1. A significant delaying effect of cold stress on postprandial gallbladder contractility was observed: F(2, 72) = 7.44, P less than 0.005, and F(2, 72) = 4.45, P less than 0.025 for gallbladder volume and ejection fraction, respectively. A significant difference was detected between the local application of cold gas and the control procedure (P less than 0.005) and local cryotherapy and the cold pressor test (P less than 0.05) in the case of the postprandial gallbladder volume, as well as between the local application of cold gas and the control procedure (P less than 0.025) for the ejection fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of cold stress on gallbladder contractility in humans. 202 2

Argon, nitrogen, nitrous oxide were administered hyperbarically in doses (atmosphere) that caused loss of righting reflex (LORR). Nitrous oxide requires pressure somewhat less than two atmospheres, eighteen atmospheres were required for argon and thirty-six atmospheres roughly for nitrogen all in 0.5 atmospheres oxygen. Loss of righting reflex was assessed by using a rolling cage method of Wilson and Miller. Since nitrogen is the least liposoluble and nitrous oxide the most liposoluble of these three gases, greater pressures were needed for nitrogen to attain sufficient concentration in the membrane for anesthesia. Due to the low lipid solubility (1.4), nitrous oxide was administered hyperbarically at a compression rate of less than 0.5 atm/min at chamber temperature of 86 degrees plus or minus 2 degrees. Body temperatures were measured by minimitter transmitters. Two types of transmitters: an AM frequency and an FM frequency were used; a comparison of the two systems were made. The ED50 (atmospheres) required to produce a given score on the LORR were determined for each strain or line of mice. This ED50 value was determined for the Hot and Cold selection lines which have been specifically bred to differ as much as possible in a hypothermic response to acute doses of ethanol. These experiments demonstrate quite clearly a degree of commonality exists among CNS depressants with regard to anesthesia, loss of righting reflex and hypothermia.
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PMID:Commonalities between gas anesthetics (nitrous oxide, nitrogen and/or argon) and ethanol intoxication in hot and cold selection line mice. 206 46

Analysis of dangers caused by mechanical refrigerating and liquid nitrogen systems used for low temperature preserving of biological material and safety measures to be adopted. Hazards are caused by moving or protruding parts of the machinery, its hot parts, noise and vibration, work in cold rooms, possible destruction of pressure vessels, refrigerant inflammation or explosion, breathing the refrigerant or its decomposition products, direct contact of the refrigerant with the skin or mucous tissues, depletion of stratospheric ozone or contamination of food-stuffs.
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PMID:Mechanical engineering problems in preserving biological objects by temperature lowering. 209

A detailed design for a simple and inexpensive variable-speed (1.0-5.8 m s-1) pneumatic plunge-freezing device is presented. Cultured cells, grown on Formvar-coated 75-mesh gold finder grids, are pneumatically driven into a stirring mixture of propane/isopentane (3:1) cooled by liquid nitrogen (LN2). Premature freezing of the sample in the cryogenic vapors above the cryogen is prevented by plunging through an entry tube into an insulating box, to which a partial vacuum is applied. The cryogenic vapors are drafted into the box at the level of the liquid cryogen by the vacuum, thereby preventing a layer of cold gas from collecting above the cryogen. To prevent the sample from thawing during transfer from the cryogen to the substitution medium, the box top is removed and compressed air is forced through a corrugated tube running the length of the box. The resulting boiling LN2 creates an atmosphere below -120 degrees C in which the transfer can be accomplished.
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PMID:A simple pneumatic device for plunge-freezing cells grown on electron microscopy grids. 221 39

Changes in total lung resistance (RL) during inhalation of cold gas mixtures were measured in 4 human volunteers during an experimental dive at 46 ATA. The subjects breathed helium-nitrogen-oxygen mixtures during the decompression schedule, and measurements were performed at 46, 36, 21, 12.5, 6 and 2 ATA (1 ATA = 100 kPa). RL was measured during eupneic ventilation when individuals inhaled either ambient gas at +30 to +33 degrees C (control condition), or cooled gas at +7 to +18 degrees C. RL values measured in control conditions increased with gas density. Thus, the changes in RL induced by cold gas breathing were expressed in percent of the corresponding control values. No cold-induced bronchospasm occurred at low ambient pressure, even at the lowest inspired temperature, +7 degrees C. However, the airway response was present at pressure up to 21 ATA and then occurred at higher level of inspired gas temperature. The convective respiratory heat loss (Cr), calculated at each pressure level and experimental condition, was linearly related to cold-induced changes in RL; the value of Cr inducing 20% increase in RL was around 1.4 kcal.min-1. The bronchomotor response was related to the increase in respiratory heat loss induced by the high thermal capacity of the gas mixture used in hyperbaric environment. The present observations confirm previous data obtained under hyperbaric conditions (25 ATA) as well some experiments performed at sea level in normal individuals breathing very cold air.
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PMID:Respiratory effects of cold-gas breathing in humans under hyperbaric environment. 225 97

A simple, efficient and accurate gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight active ingredients in cough-cold syrups has been developed. The active ingredients under study were bromhexine, chlorpheniramine, codeine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, guaiphenesin and papaverine. Before injection, the active ingredients were first separated, from the excipients present in the cough-cold syrups, with chloroform, from alkaline medium. They were then separated by GLC on a glass column (5 ft x 2 mm i.d.) packed with 3% of OV-25 supported on Supelcoport (80-100 mesh). The column temperature was maintained at 170 degrees C for 1 min, then programmed to 265 degrees C at a rate of 10 degrees C min-1, and maintained at this temperature for 10 and 1 min, respectively, for samples with and without papaverine. The flow-rate of the nitrogen carrier gas was 30 ml min-1. A flame-ionisation detector was used for detection, and clomipramine hydrochloride was used as the internal standard. The recoveries of the drugs ranged from 96.0 to 99.7%, and the relative standard deviations for ten replicate determinations ranged from 0.49 to 4.7%. Results are reported for nine commercially available cough-cold syrups.
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PMID:Simultaneous determination of some active ingredients in cough-cold syrups by gas-liquid chromatography. 227 Aug 75

We describe the procedures employed for transporting bone marrow to and from a central facility. Marrow has been harvested from 80 patients with neuroblastoma, at 16 centers which are geographically dispersed throughout North America. Marrow from the outside transplant centers was packed on wet ice or cold packs in insulated containers, and transported by commercial carriers or chartered aircraft to the central processing laboratory. Post processed marrows were frozen in liquid nitrogen and returned by commercial carrier to the referring institution. In comparing transported with non-transported but similarly treated marrows, no differences were found in any of the following parameters: (1) CFU-GM recovery, (2) fraction viable cells at thawing, or (3) time to engraftment in patients. We conclude the transportation of harvested marrows to a central purging facility is safe. Based on this experience, we propose a set of standards, which, if adhered to, will insure the continued safe processing, shipping, and storage of bone marrow in all centers so engaged.
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PMID:Transporting bone marrow for in vitro purging before autologous reinfusion. 230

Creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) has been used as an indicator of myocardial cellular damage. In this study we used a Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution to reperfuse isolated rat hearts after 24 h of cold preservation and collected the KH reperfusate for assay of CK to assess cellular damage. We wanted to determine the stability of CK in the KH solution at different cold-storage temperatures and albumin concentrations. CK activity (mean +/- SEM) after one week of refrigeration (5 degrees C) was 93% +/- 1% of control values, whereas CK activity in nitrogen-frozen (-200 degrees C) samples was only 1.6% +/- 1% of control values, and that in samples frozen at moderately low temperatures (-10 degrees C) was 63% +/- 1% of control values. To enhance stability, we added albumin at several concentrations (49, 25, 12, and 6 g/L) to reperfusion collections in which CK had been previously determined. Specimens were frozen (-10 degrees C), then re-analyzed for CK weekly for three weeks. CK activity was maintained (100% +/- 5%) only in samples containing 25 g/L or more albumin. These data suggest that refrigeration (5 degrees C) for one week maintains normal CK activity in KH solution; however, if prolonged storage is necessary, a stabilizer such as albumin (greater than or equal to 25 g/L) will maintain analyte stability in frozen storage (-10 degrees C) for at least three weeks.
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PMID:Decreased storage stability of creatine kinase in a cardiac reperfusion solution. 233 90


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