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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

OBJECTIVES: Melatonin, the major secretory product of the pineal gland, is known as an effective antioxidant and neuroprotector. Its neuroprotective actions and mechanisms have been documented in a variety of rodent brain models. However, little is known of melatonin's antioxidative capacity in the brain of primates. Herein, we investigated whether melatonin would suppress autoxidation and exogenous hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in monkey cerebral cortical homogenates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The monkey brain was dissected during routine autopsy and immediately frozen at -80 degrees C until the experiment. A sample of cerebral cortex (50 mg) was homogenized in 1 ml ice cold phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) at 0-4 degrees C. Four different treatments of cerebral cortical homogenates were performed: 1) homogenates incubated in a water bath at different temperatures (4 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C, respectively) for two hours to induce autoxidation; 2) homogenates co-incubated with different concentrations of melatonin at 37 degrees C for 2 hours; 3) homogenates co-incubated with 1 mM vitamin C and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide at 37 degrees C for 1 hour to induce membrane lipid peroxidation; 4) homogenates incubated with different concentrations of melatonin and 1 mM H2O2 plus 1 mM vitamin C. After incubation, homogenates were analyzed for products of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-alkenals). RESULTS: The levels of lipid peroxidation products significantly increased in monkey cerebral cortical homogenates as a consequence of autoxidation or after the addition of H2O2 plus vitamin C. Melatonin not only suppressed the increase in lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 plus vitamin C but also inhibited lipid breakdown resulting from autoxidation. The concentrations of melatonin required to suppress lipid peroxidation resulting from autoxidation or induced by exogenous oxidants in monkey cerebral cortical homogenates were in the same dose range. CONCLUSION: The results show for the first time that melatonin functions as an antioxidant and neuroprotector in primate brain tissue as was observed previously in rodent brain. The data provide information supporting the use of melatonin in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders that involve oxidative damage to brain lipids.
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PMID:Melatonin suppresses autoxidation and hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in monkey brain homogenate. 1145 30

One-dimensional radiative-convective and photochemical models are used to examine the effects of enhanced CO2 concentrations on the surface temperature of the early Earth and the composition of the prebiotic atmosphere. Carbon dioxide concentrations of the order of 100-1000 times the present level are required to compensate for an expected solar luminosity decrease of 25-30%, if CO2 and H2O were the only greenhouse gases present. The primitive stratosphere was cold and dry, with a maximum H2O volume mixing ratio of 10(-6). The atmospheric oxidation state was controlled by the balance between volcanic emission of reduced gases, photo-stimulated oxidation of dissolved Fe+2 in the oceans, escape of hydrogen to space, and rainout of H2O2 and H2CO. At high CO2 levels, production of hydrogen owing to rainout of H2O2 would have kept the H2 mixing ratio above 2x10(-4) and the ground-level O2 mixing ratio below 10(-11), even if no other sources of hydrogen were present. Increased solar UV fluxes could have led to small changes in the ground-level mixing ratios of both O2 and H2.
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PMID:Effects of high CO2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation state of the early Earth. 1154 84

Collection of atmospheric H2O2 was performed by a cold trap method using dry ice-acetone as the refrigerant. The air was drawn by a pump into a glass gas trap immersed in the dry ice-acetone slush in a dewar flask at a flow rate of 2.5 l min-1 for approximately 2 h. Collection efficiency was > 99% and negligible interferences by O3, SO2 or organic matter with the collected H2O2 in the trap were observed. This method was compared with the air impinger bubbling method which has been previously described (Kok et al., 1978a, b, Envir. Sci. Technol. 12, 1072-1080). The measured total peroxide (H2O2 + organic peroxide) values in a series of aim samples collected by the impinger bubbling method (0.06-3.7 ppb) were always higher than those obtained by the cold trap method (0.02-1.2 ppb). Laboratory experiments suggest that the difference in values between the two methods probably results from the aqueous phase generation of H2O2 and organic peroxide in the impinger solution by a reaction of atmospheric O3 with olefinic and aromatic compounds. If these O3-organic compound reactions which occur in the impinger also occur in aqueous droplets in the atmosphere, the process could be very important for aqueous phase generation of H2O2 in clouds and rainwater.
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PMID:Atmospheric H2O2 measurement: comparison of cold trap method with impinger bubbling method. 1154 11

The pre-concentration of mercury(II) and methylmercury by adsorption of their dithiophosphoric acid diacyl ester (DDTP) chelates on a C18 column, then detection with cold-vapor atomic-absorption spectrometry was investigated. Conditions such as sample pH, reductant and chelating agent flow and concentration, and eluent and carrier gas flow were optimized. Optimization was performed by use of evolutionary operation with a proper factorial design. At a sample flow of 5.3 mL min(-1) and a loading time of 4.5 min, column adsorption efficiency ranged from 88 to 93% for both species. Detection limits down to 10 ng L(-1) were obtained at a sample throughput of 12 h(-1). There was good agreement between found and certified values in the analysis of certified reference materials after their microwave-assisted mineralization with HNO3 and H2O2.
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PMID:On-line mercury and methylmercury pre-concentration by adsorption of their dithiophosphoric acid diacyl ester chelates on a C18 column and cold-vapor atomic-absorption detection. 1168 49

Aqueous extracts of the sporophores of eight mushroom species were assessed for their ability to prevent H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA using the single-cell gel electrophoresis ("Comet") assay. The highest genoprotective effects were obtained with cold (20 degrees C) and hot (100 degrees C) water extracts of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies, respectively. No protective effects were observed with Mushroom Derived Preparations (MDPs) from Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricula, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, and Volvariella volvacea. These findings indicate that some edible mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage.
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PMID:Mushroom-derived preparations in the prevention of H2O2-induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA. 1183 88

A mixture of 50% H2O2-H2SO4 (3 + 1, v/v) was used for decomposition of food in open vessels at 80 degrees C. The treatment allowed rapid total mercury determination by flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Cabbage, potatoes, peanuts paste, hazelnuts paste, oats, tomatoes and their derivatives, oysters, shrimps, prawns, shellfish, marine algae, and many kinds of fish were analyzed by the proposed methodology with a limit of quantitation of 0.86 +/- 0.08 microg/L mercury in the final solution. Reference materials tested also gave excellent recovery.
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PMID:Rapid food decomposition by H2O2-H2SO4 for determination of total mercury by flow injection cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. 1187 94

The anti-heat shock protein (Hsp)-90 monoclonal antibody AC-16 reacts on blots with Hsp90 and a 50 kDa protein (prot-50) from infective-stage (L1) larvae of the nematode Trichinella spiralis. We examined Hsp90 and prot-50 levels by densitometric analysis of immunoblots of T. spiralis larval extracts prepared before (time 0, 37 degrees C) and after oxidative [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] stress, or cold shock at 4 degrees C. Extracts from H2O2-exposed L1 were obtained after 2 h; the others at 2, 4, and 8 h after the temperature shift. After H2O2 shock, the constitutive Hsp90 and prot-50 were both significantly induced and appeared as slower migrating inducible isoforms. However, whereas Hsp90 levels decreased after cold shock, prot-50 levels immediately and persistently increased after shock at 4 degrees C. These data present compelling evidence that the prot-50 described here functions as a Hsp and a cold shock protein.
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PMID:Oxidative and cold shock cause enhanced induction of a 50 kDa stress protein in Trichinella spiralis. 1204 59

Glutathione is an important component of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, which is involved in the regulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in plants. During chilling and cold acclimation, i.e. exposure to temperatures between 0 and 15 degrees C, H2O2 may accumulate. Excess electrons from the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains can be used for the reduction of oxygen, thus producing superoxide radicals (O2.-); these are subsequently transformed to H2O2 via superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1). During the removal of excess H2O2, reduced glutathione (GSH) is converted to its oxidised form (GSSG), and GSH is regenerated by the activity of NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2). At low non-freezing temperatures, high GSH content and GR activity were detected in several plant species, indicating a possible contribution to chilling tolerance and cold acclimation. Changes in H2O2 concentration and GSH/GSSG ratio alter the redox state of the cells and may activate special defence mechanisms through a redox signalling chain. The finding that several defence genes have antioxidant responsive elements or GSSG binding sites in their regulatory regions supports the idea that redox signalling is involved in regulating gene expression in response to low temperature.
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PMID:Role of glutathione in adaptation and signalling during chilling and cold acclimation in plants. 1206 Feb 92

Iceberg lettuce is a major component in vegetable salad and has been associated with many outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In this study, several combinations of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide were tested to obtain effective antibacterial activity without adverse effects on sensory characteristics. A five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes was inoculated separately onto fresh-cut lettuce leaves, which were later treated with 1.5% lactic acid plus 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 40 degrees C for 15 min, 1.5% lactic acid plus 2% H2O2 at 22 degrees C for 5 min, and 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C for 60 or 90 s. Control lettuce leaves were treated with deionized water under the same conditions. A 4-log reduction was obtained for lettuce treated with the combinations of lactic acid and H2O2 for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis, and a 3-log reduction was obtained for L. monocytogenes. However, the sensory characteristics of lettuce were compromised by these treatments. The treatment of lettuce leaves with 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C was effective not only in reducing pathogenic bacteria but also in maintaining good sensory quality for up to 15 days. A < or = 4-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis was achieved with the 2% H2O2 treatment, whereas a 3-log reduction of L. monocytogenes was obtained. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between pathogen population reductions obtained with 2% H2O2 with 60- and 90-s exposure times. Hydrogen peroxide residue was undetectable (the minimum level of sensitivity was 2 ppm) on lettuce surfaces after the treated lettuce was rinsed with cold water and centrifuged with a salad spinner. Hence, the treatment of lettuce with 2% H2O2 at 50 degrees C for 60 s is effective in initially reducing substantial populations of foodborne pathogens and maintaining high product quality.
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PMID:Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen peroxide with mild heat. 1218 70

A cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometric method was developed for the subnanogram-per-gram determination of total Hg in a wide variety of foods. Foods were weighed into 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes and dried without charring at 55 degrees C in a circulating oven. Samples were then digested at 58 degrees C with HNO3, HCl, and H2O2. After matrix modification with solutions of 2% Mg(NO3)2, 0.01% Triton X-100, and Cu(II) at 10 microg/mL, samples were analyzed by using a CeTAC Technologies M-6000A dedicated Hg analyzer. Based on a 2 g sample weight, the detection limit of the method over 12 batches averaged 0.30 ng/g wet weight and ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/g. Recoveries of Hg added to 17 different foods, analyzed in a routine manner, averaged 97%, and individual recoveries ranged from 77 to 107%. Accuracy was confirmed by analysis of 7 biological reference materials from the National Research Council of Canada and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Stabilization of low concentrations of Hg in solutions containing no sample was required to prevent loss of Hg from blanks. In a comparison of NaCl, potassium dichromate, and Au(II), chloride was much more effective for stabilization than the other two, and HCl was used for subsequent stabilization.
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PMID:Routine, high-sensitivity, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total mercury in foods after low-temperature digestion. 1237 14


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