Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 8-day-old rat newborns, the pituitary response to 2 min of ether inhalation was noted to vary according to sex. Plasma ACTH levels were similarly increased in males and females at the end of ether exposure; however, during the following 30 min, ACTH levels were always higher in females than in males. In order to verify that the putative masculinization of some neuroendocrine pathways involved in the pituitary response to ether stress was the result of the transitory surge of testosterone at birth, fetuses at term were delivered by cesarean section and thereafter immediately castrated or sham-castrated under cold anesthesia (males), injected with testosterone heptylate (1 mg s.c.) or olive oil used as solvent (females) before being put in the care of a nurse. The rise in plasma testosterone levels during the 1st h after birth was prevented or stopped in males put at 2 degrees C. At the 8th postnatal day, the newborns were subjected to 2 min of ether inhalation; they were sacrificed either just, before or after the end (0 and 30 min) of the stress procedure. Plasma immunoreactive ACTH level and adrenal corticosterone content were measured. The pituitary response, shown by the ACTH increase, in castrated or sham-castrated males and testosterone-injected females was similar to that of intact males but very different from that observed in olive-oil-injected or intact females. The rise in adrenal corticosterone content 30 min after ether inhalation was greater in intact and olive-oil-injected females than in testosterone-injected ones or in males; adrenal response was well correlated with the maintenance of ACTH release in the former and the decrease following transitory surge in the latter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of castration and testosterone on the pituitary and adrenal responses of the newborn rat to ether inhalation. 300 96

Changes in the plasma levels of ACTH in response to cold exposure or restraint stress were measured in adult rats which had been pretreated with capsaicin or vehicle as neonates. There was no difference in basal ACTH levels between capsaicin and vehicle pretreated animals. Following restraint stress, ACTH levels rose similarly in vehicle and capsaicin pretreated rats, indicating that the pituitary-adrenal system is not impaired by capsaicin pretreatment. However, following cold exposure ACTH levels rose only in control animals whereas no change was observed in capsaicin pretreated animals. It is concluded that capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons participate in the cold stress-induced increase of plasma ACTH levels.
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PMID:The influence of capsaicin sensitive neurons on stress-induced release of ACTH. 301 79

Intracerebroventricular but not parenteral application of ACTH has been shown to elicit excessive grooming behavior in rats and mice. This behavior is elicited by administration of ACTH into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricles. Plugging of the cerebral aqueduct with cold cream fails to prevent grooming in response to lateral ventricle injection of ACTH. However, cold cream plugs in the third ventricle can prevent the subsequent induction of grooming behavior by lateral ventricle injection of ACTH, but only when the plugs are located in the anterior ventral third ventricle in the region of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and median eminence. These data suggest the anterior ventral third ventricle as the periventricular site of action of ACTH in eliciting excessive grooming, although it is possible that peptides taken up in this area are transported to other regions to elicit the behavioral response.
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PMID:ACTH acts via an anterior ventral third ventricular site to elicit grooming behavior. 302 May 27

The influence of acoustic (AS) and cold (CS) stress on gastric emptying and intestinal transit were evaluated in mice using a radiolabelled 51chromium test meal. AS was produced by playing music through loudspeakers (less than 86 dB) in a confined box at room temperature (20 degrees C) and CS was obtained by exposure to 10 degrees C. Twenty minutes exposure to AS or CS caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in gastric emptying in mice. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 150 ng of rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), 30 min before the test meal, also increased gastric emptying but neither intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of rCRF at the same dosage nor corticosterone (300 ng) and ACTH (375 microU) were able to induce significant changes in gastric emptying. The increase in gastric emptying induced by AS and CS and by i.c.v. injection of rCRF were blocked by previous i.p. administration of an antiserum against rCRF. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that alterations in gastric emptying induced by AS and CS in mice are due to the release of CRF acting directly on central structures involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility.
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PMID:Evidence for the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the gastrointestinal disturbances induced by acoustic and cold stress in mice. 325 82

A "two-site" immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) which allows the direct estimation of human CRH (hCRH) in plasma is described. Using this IRMA, basal levels of CRH in normal subjects ranged from 2-28 pg/mL [mean, 15 +/- 7 (+/- SD) pg/mL; n = 58]. Values in men and women were similar. Plasma CRH values within this range were also found in patients with Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and Nelson's syndrome, with no correlation between plasma CRH and ACTH levels in these patients. Elevated plasma CRH levels were found in pregnant women near term [1462 +/- 752 (+/- SD) pg/mL; n = 55], and the dilution curve of this CRH-like immunoreactivity paralleled the IRMA standard curve. After its immunoadsorption from maternal plasma, this CRH-like material eluted on reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with a retention time identical to that of synthetic CRH and had equipotent bioactivity with the synthetic peptide in the perfused anterior pituitary cell bioassay. Circulating CRH was not detected in Wistar rats, even after adrenalectomy and subsequent ether stress. Synthetic hCRH was degraded by fresh human plasma relatively slowly; 65% of added CRH remained after 1 h of incubation at 37 C. Degradation was inhibited by heat treatment (54 C; 1 h), cold treatment (4 C; 4 h), or freezing and thawing. Loss of synthetic rat CRH occurred more rapidly when fresh rat plasma was used; only 20% of added CRH remained under the same conditions. The inability to measure CRH in peripheral rat plasma may be due to the presence of active CRH-degrading enzymes which fragment the CRH molecule into forms not recognized by the CRH IRMA.
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PMID:Direct measurement of human plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone by "two-site" immunoradiometric assay. 349 35

ELISA was employed to determine the presence of immunoglobulin IgM in crude bovine pituitary intraglandular colloid (IGC). The percentage weight of IgM was 1.15% per total weight of lyophilized colloid. The colloid from 32 glands (sufficient amount to perform the ELISA) was pooled and placed in 20 ml cold phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.6) and lyophilized. The total weight of the lyophilized material was 2.05 g IGC, housed in the intraglandular lumen (residual lumen). This is the holocrine secretion of the marginal half of bovine pituitary intermediate lobe (IL) cells, known to produce the ACTH/LPH family of peptides. The discovery of immunoglobulin IgM in IGC is a unique phenomenon. Since it has been established that IL cells process common precursor molecules to different final secretory products, it can be envisioned that continuing studies will help to elucidate the relationship between immunoglobulins and the ACTH/LPH family of peptides.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin IgM detected by ELISA in bovine pituitary intraglandular colloid, non-vascular holocrine secretion of intermediate lobe cells. 349 7

The concentrations of hormones (ACTH, cortisol, aldosterone, thyrotrophin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, growth hormone, insulin, prolactin and testosterone), electrolytes (Na and K) as well as glucose and triglycerides were measured in 10 athletes who made a 380 km ski expedition in the Far North at ambient temperatures of -32 to -34 degrees C. Human adaptation to the geographic and climatic conditions of high latitudes was accompanied by noticeable changes in the incretory function of the adenopituitary, thyroid gland, adrenals and gonads. The data obtained indicate that a ski trip in the Far North produces a distinct stress with physical and cold components being predominant.
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PMID:[Hormonal metabolic status of the human body under the conditions of the Far North]. 378 27

Oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP), and corticotropin (ACTH) levels were measured in peripheral plasma of male rats subjected to one of three models of stress: restraint, cold, or ether. ACTH secretion was increased in all three groups compared to unstressed controls. OT secretion was increased in rats subjected to restraint or ether but not cold. AVP secretion was increased only by ether stress. The data suggest that the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial contribution to the control of ACTH secretion may vary in response to different types of stress.
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PMID:Dissociation of oxytocin, vasopressin and corticotropin secretion during different types of stress. 608 65

Studies have been made on embryos of two hen lines selected by their reaction to cold stress (highly and lowly reactive ones). The adrenals of 16-day chick embryo react to the injection of the ACTH by synthesis of glucocorticoids and by their secretion into the blood. The rate of this reaction is higher in highly reactive line of hens. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system in chicks begins to respond to the increase in the environmental temperature by the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids already during embryo-genesis. In 18-day embryos, this reaction is more evident in highly reactive line.
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PMID:[Effect of the genotype on the reactivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system of chick embryos]. 609 6

The response of pituitary-adrenal axis (as measured by the estimation of 11-hydroxycorticosteroid level in plasma of decapitated animals) to various kinds of stress (restriction, cold, formalin injection) was studied in eight inbred strains of mice and compared to that found after the injection of epinephrine, isopropyl-norepinephrine or ACTH. It was found that the response to all of the above mentioned influences appears to be genetically determined. A positive correlation was observed between the basal level of corticosteroids in plasma and the effect of adrenomimetics on one hand and the response to cold and restriction on the other, while no correlation was found between the former parameter and the effect of ACTH and formalin injection. It may be concluded that genetically conditioned control and regulatory mechanisms appear to be the most important factor in the response of pituitary-adrenal axis to the emotional and cold stress, while the reactivity of adrenal cortex itself as measured by the effect of ACTH injection appears to be of a minor importance.
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PMID:Some genetical aspects on pituitary-adrenal response to stress in mice. 626 Apr 57


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