Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nine pony breed foals were reared indoors, then allocated to one of three groups infected with either 3.9 million (Group A) or 3.15 million (Group B) cold-conditioned third stage cyathostome larvae or kept as uninfected controls (Group C). The larvae were administered as a 'trickle' infection of 150000 larvae per dose, three times weekly. Blood biochemical and haematological analyses were performed weekly and faecal worm egg counts bi-weekly. Complete parasitological examinations were performed on all ponies at various times post-initial infection (PI): one infected animal at 9 weeks PI, four animals (three infected, one control) at 20 weeks PI and four animals (two infected, two controls) at 60-62 weeks PI. All ponies in the infected groups experienced a marked reduction in weight gain and two animals developed clinical disease: one pony developed intermittent diarrhoea and colic 8 weeks PI; another pony developed intermittent diarrhoea between 30 and 52 weeks PI. All infected ponies had decreased serum fructosamine concentrations and five had decreased serum albumin, which were first apparent 4-6 weeks PI. Alterations in the composition of serum globulins were detected in all ponies. Transient neutrophilia was observed in five animals from the infected groups 3-9 weeks PI. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations were increased in one pony between 30 and 60 weeks PI. During the course of the experiment, faecal samples from all infected animals were negative for worm eggs. At necropsy, cyathostome larvae were present within the mucosa of the large intestine of all infected ponies, however the mucosal larval counts varied considerably between individuals.
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PMID:The pathogenic effects of experimental cyathostome infections in ponies. 919 14

Stress is known clinically and experimentally to contribute to the development or exacerbation of cardiovascular dysfunction. In an attempt to construct an animal model of stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and to understand its mechanisms, the effects of cold-immobilization stress and its cardiovascular consequences were investigated in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters (BIO 14.6) and age-matched healthy control hamsters. Repeated exposure (5 days) to cold-immobilization in the supine position induced no detectable ill effects in the healthy control hamsters but had a lethal effect in the cardiomyopathic hamsters: more than half of the animals died suddenly during or after the stress sessions. Autopsy study of these animals showed significant increases in the weights of the heart, adrenal, liver and kidney and in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen, creatinine and glucose in the cardiomyopathic hamsters subjected to the stress. Propranolol (0.1-10 mg/kg i.p.) administered just before each cold-immobilization for 5 consecutive days dose-dependently and significantly prevented the lethal effects of the stress. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the drug significantly reduced the increase in the weights of the heart, adrenal, liver and kidney observed in the stressed cardiomyopathic hamsters, whereas phentolamine (0.1-10 mg/kg) and atropine (0.1-10 mg/kg) did not prevent the stress-induced sudden death. The series of acute experiments using single exposure of this stress revealed that the stress evoked severe arrhythmia in some of the cardiomyopathic hamsters and increased the levels of circulating catecholamines in both healthy and cardiomyopathic hamsters. These results taken together suggest that stress accelerates the cardiovascular dysfunction in cardiomyopathic hamsters and provide the first evidence that excitation of the sympathetic nerves, in which beta-adrenoceptors appear to be involved, but not the parasympathetic nerves, has an important role in the etiology of stress-induced cardiac sudden death of cardiomyopathic hamsters.
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PMID:Characterization of stress-induced sudden death in cardiomyopathic hamsters. 943 70

The Wcs120 gene encodes a highly abundant protein which appears to play an important role during cold acclimation of wheat. To understand the regulatory mechanism controlling its expression at low temperature, the promoter region has been characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using short promoter fragments revealed the presence in nuclear extracts from non-acclimated (NA) plants of multiple DNA-binding proteins which interact with several elements. In contrast, no DNA-binding activity was observed in the nuclear extracts from cold-acclimated (CA) plants. In vitro dephosphorylation of these CA nuclear extracts with alkaline phosphatase restored the binding activity. Moreover, okadaic acid (a potent phosphatase inhibitor) markedly stimulated the in vivo accumulation of the WCS120 family of proteins. This suggests that protein phosphatases PP1 and/or PP2A negatively regulate the expression of the Wcs120 gene. In addition, both Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent kinase activities were found to be significantly higher in the CA nuclear extracts. Western analysis using antibodies directed against protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms showed that a PKCgamma homolog (84 kDa) is selectively translocated into the nucleus in response to low temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that, in vivo, the expression of the Wcs120 gene may be regulated by nuclear factors whose binding activity is modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism.
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PMID:Low temperature-stimulated phosphorylation regulates the binding of nuclear factors to the promoter of Wcs120, a cold-specific gene in wheat. 949 Oct 74

In an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis, the effects of cold stress on intestinal Ca2+ transference and rate of bone turnover were evaluated. In the ovariectomized rats, a significant reduction in intestinal transference of Ca2+ was associated with decreased activities of intestinal mucosal enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and calcium ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) in all the different segments of small intestine in a descending gradient. The development of a high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in these animals was confirmed by significant alteration in plasma AP activity and calcium (Ca) level, urinary excretion of Ca and phosphate, and Ca : creatinine ratio. Cold stress in this model, apart from its unique influence in elevating plasma corticosterone and thyroid hormone level, enhanced all the above referred parameters studied in connection with intestinal transference of Ca2+, bone turnover rate, and osteoporosis. The results of this study emphasize that cold stress may have a positive influence on bone loss for an early development of hypogonadal osteoporosis in rats.
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PMID:Cold stress facilitates calcium mobilization from bone in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. 953 89

Measurement of the metabolism of lidocaine to MEGX by the hepatic cytochrome P450 system has been proposed as a means to assess liver function and metabolic activity of cadaveric organ donors. This prospective study of 102 potential liver donors from the State of Michigan sought to determine the role of MEGX determinations alone and in conjunction with traditional measures of donor acceptability. High MEGX values (> 80 microg/L) did not correlate with the acceptability of donor livers, and had no significant association with early posttransplant graft function, as determined by SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, prothrombin time, or bile production. However, livers procured from donors with high MEGX values had improved actuarial graft survival when compared to low MEGX donors at 30 d (95% vs. 84%) and at 1 yr (68% vs. 43%) (p < 0.04). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant independent association of both shorter cold ischemic time and high MEGX value with improved graft survival (p < 0.002). We conclude that the MEGX test offers limited incremental value in predicting early function of donor livers when used in conjunction with traditional criteria of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and histology. However, knowledge of the results of MEGX determinations may be of value in predicting graft survival after liver transplantation.
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PMID:Prospective multivariate analysis of donor monoethylglycine xylidide (MEGX) testing in liver transplantation. Transplantation Society of Michigan Scientific Studies Committee. 954 22

Src protein is essential for the regulation of bone turnover primarily via bone resorption because it is required in osteoclast differentiation and function. We followed temporal changes of Src protein abundance in marrow stromal cells induced to mineralize by dexamethasone (DEX), growth in cold temperature, or both. Given the tyrosine kinase function of Src and its numerous substrates, profiles of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins were followed as well. On day 11 of stimulation, specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 30 degrees C decreased under DEX relative to 37 degrees C cultures, in accord with increased cell counts. Mineralization per well under DEX increased by 25% at 37 degrees C, whereas at 30 degrees C it increased by more than threefold regardless of the DEX stimulation. At 30 degrees C, on a per cell basis mineralization increased 2.5 and 3 times with and without DEX, respectively. Cultures at 37 degrees C showed a general drop per cell of many phosphotyrosine-containing proteins on day 3 relative to days 1 and 2 in both DEX-stimulated and nonstimulated cultures; several proteins did recover (recuperate) thereafter. On days 1 and 2, the phosphotyrosine signal was higher in several proteins under DEX stimulation; this trend became inverted after day 3. The changes in abundance per cell of Src protein (pp60src) followed a similar trend, and in addition a truncated Src molecule, p54/52src, was detected as a putative cleavage product presumably representing its carboxy terminus. The pp60src was most abundant, relative to its truncated product, in day 7 nonstimulated cultures, whereas under DEX stimulation the truncated species pp54/52src showed the highest relative abundance on days 7. At 30 degrees C, DEX stimulation accentuated the increase in Src protein on day 3, showed no change on day 7, and returned to increase Src protein on day 10. Potassium ionophorvalinomycin, considered to select against mineralizing osteoprogenitors at 30 degrees C, showed on day 10 in the absence of DEX a relative increase in truncated Src protein compared to both DEX-stimulated and nonstimulated cultures in the absence of valinomycin. On day 7 of DEX stimulation, the presence of valinomycin resulted in low p54/52src. Among phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, a 32-34 kDa band, as yet unidentified, showed the most concordant changes with mineralization induction. P32-34 decreased by DEX on days 2 and 8 and increased by low temperature alone or combined with DEX on day 3. On day 7, p32-34 did not change under DEX, but valinomycin selected cells with less phoshpotyrosine-containing p32-34. Taken together, high Src abundance at the start of osteogenic induction followed by a decrease 1 week later is probably related to energy metabolism-dependent induction of mineralization. This is in temporal accord with the increase in Src truncation and fluctuation in mitochondrial membrane potential (which affects mineralization). The reported binding of amino-terminal Src oligopeptide to p32 ADP/ATP carrier in the mitochondrial inner membrane raises the question of its possible involvement in mitochondria-regulated mineralization.
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PMID:Src protein and tyrosine-phosphorylated protein profiles in marrow stroma during osteogenic stimulation. 958 70

Autogenous hip marrow is an excellent source of pluripotential cells for regenerative procedures. However, before this treatment modality can be employed a method to attenuate osteoclast activity must be developed. The shock of cold storage (4 degrees C) is thought to abate osteoclast activity through the downregulation of osteolytic cytokines produced by osteoblasts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold storage (4 degrees C) and endotoxin challenge on bone cell culture viability and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. These cells (osteoblasts) were primarily harvested from murine calvaria utilizing sequential digestions, separated by density gradient and combined. Twelve-well cell culture plates were inoculated with 2 x 10(4) cells/ml and placed in cold storage for 1-14 d. After cold storage the cultures were then incubated at 37 degrees C for 1-20 d. A set of replicate plates was also challenged with 10 ng/ml endotoxin upon incubation at 37 degrees C for 4 consecutive days. Cells were evaluated daily for alkaline phosphatase activity. Cell culture supernatants were also collected daily and batch assayed for IL-6 production. Cell cultures did not survive more than 48 h of cold storage. There was a decrease in IL-6 secretion in all refrigerated cultures and a significant decrease in those cells refrigerated for 48 h versus control cultures (p < 0.05). Replicate cultures treated with endotoxin secreted significantly increased amounts of IL-6 in both the control cultures and the cultures exposed to 24 h of cold storage versus non-endotoxin-treated control cultures (p < 0.05). These observations suggest that after 48 h of cold storage autogenous marrow may be safe to use because of the dramatic decrease in IL-6 production by osteoblasts.
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PMID:The effects of cold storage and endotoxin challenge on osteoblast viability and interleukin-6 production. 965 76

The promutagenic base 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in DNA is known to be formed from oxygen radical attack on 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) as a result of oxidative stress. Formation of 8-OH-dG from dG during workup is strongly dependent on temperature and transition metals and is mediated by oxygen radicals. The 8-OH-dG formation at temperatures between 0 and 140 degrees C for 1.5 h in an "ultrapure" solution followed a third-order equation. Fe2+ in the nM range mediated the formation of 8-OH-dG from dG without addition of H2O2. Fe3+, Cu+, and Cu2+ were shown to have weaker oxidative effects in comparison to Fe2+. The pH (5.0-9.0) had a very limited effect on 8-OH-dG formation. Acid phosphatase, which contains iron at its active site, caused the formation of 8-OH-dG, whereas alkaline phosphatase did not. Phenol was not found to be oxidative. Fe2+-catalyzed formation of 8-OH-dG was completely blocked by the nitroxide 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), whereas DMSO, mannitol, and DMPO had a significantly weaker protecting effect. Catalase cleaved the dG molecule and was not suitable for use. A simple, fast, and inexpensive method for 8-OH-dG workup and analysis was developed, and the background level seen in liver from 13-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rat was 0.23 +/- 0.020 8-OH-dG/10(5) dG, which is up to 200 times lower than reported values from some other methods and up to 26 times lower when compared to other reports using HPLC-EC methods. In summary, the TEMPO method reduces oxidation of dG to 8-OH-dG during workup by (1) using chemicals low in transition metals, (2) using a cold workup procedure, (3) limiting the incubation time, and (4) using the nitroxide TEMPO in all steps.
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PMID:Reduction of oxidation during the preparation of DNA and analysis of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. 970 49

Capillaries are nonuniform thin tubes: The arteriolar and venular capillary portions express alkaline phosphatase (AP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), respectively. Differences in enzyme activities between arteriolar and venular capillary portions could be shown by staining sections of cardiac tissues for AP and DPPIV after coronary infusion of microspheres and by staining cultured endothelial cells that had been collected from coronary microvessels. Through use of a double staining method for AP and DPPIV, adaptive changes in the capillary network were studied in rat hearts exposed to cold, exercise, hypertension, chronic coronary occlusion, and transient coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. Two patterns could be seen in the adaptations of the ventricular capillary network. The increase in the venular capillary portions is accompanied by remarkable increases in capillary density and capillary-to-myocyte ratio. The increase in the arteriolar capillary portion seemed to be accompanied by a decrease or only a limited increase in capillary density in stressed hearts. The increase in the total capillary density improves the capacity for oxygen transport to tissues with a high tissue perfusion and a short diffusion distance for oxygen. The increase in the arteriolar capillaries may also improve oxygen transport by increasing the arterial blood perfusing the tissue. This seems, however, a compensation for the limited angiogenesis: The alleviation of stresses, such as pharmacological treatment of the hypertrophied heart and reperfusion after transient ischemia, increases venular capillary portions and capillary density. These changes are discussed with immunohistochemical observations of rapid and prolonged expressions of angiogenic growth factors.
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PMID:Adaptive changes in the capillary network in the left ventricle of rat heart. 975 39

The authors reported a twelve year and four-month old girl who had prolonged fever for 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed a painless enlarged thyroid gland with firm consistency. Hyperparathyroidism was suspected because of hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, high level of serum alkaline phosphatase, and decreased density of long bones. Thyroid scan showed a cold nodule of the left upper lobe which subsequently proved to be a medullary thyroid carcinoma by high serum thyrocalcitonin level and pathological examination. Her 24-hour urinary vanillyl mandelic acid was in the normal range, and abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated normal adrenal glands. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa (MEN IIa) was diagnosed by medullary thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism. However, the fully developed syndrome is characterized by the combined occurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, and pheochromocytomas. This syndrome is a rare, complex, and potentially lethal disease so early recognition and family screening are very important.
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PMID:Multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa: a case report. 980 71


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