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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute starvation of the pregnant rabbit before delivery leads to lipid mobilization, the circulating concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and more fatty acids cross the placenta and are stored as triglyceride in fetal tissues, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Thus the newborns from these unfed does are born with larger fat stores than normal. In this investigation the responses of newborns of unfed and fed does were compared with respect to aspects of the metabolic responses to birth and subsequent cold exposure. It was found that at 2 hr of age the newborns of unfed does had higher circulating concentrations of FFA and triglycerides. The glucose and glycerol concentrations were similar in the two groups, but after 2 hr of cold exposure the newborns of fed does had much higher blood concentrations of both glucose and glycerol. In both, a large increase in FFA concentration was seen. The newborns of unfed and fed does had similar minimal metabolic rates, but the maximal rate of heat production was greater on average by 15% in the newborns of unfed does over the first 3 days of life. Maternal nutrition immediately before delivery has considerable effect on the circulating concentrations of metabolites and the responses to cold of the newborn.
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PMID:The effect of maternal starvation on the metabolic response to cold of the newborn rabbit. 87 97

Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was examined during cold exposure (30 degrees C) in 5-day-old rats, during food deprivation. NST in the fed state doubled the O2 consumption observed at neutral temperatures. With fasting, the additional O2 consumption stimulated by cold dropped to that observed at thermoneutrality within 6 h, and colonic temperature (Tco) dropped concomitantly. Blood glucose (BG) concentration was halved. Oxygen consumption and Tco in the cold varied linearly with BG changes during food deprivation. 6-Hydroxydopamine transiently stimulated norepinephrine release and elevated metabolism nonadditively with cold stimulation in fed animals, and also stimulated O2 consumption. The drug also partially restored BG concentration, after it had declined during fasting. NST and BG were also restored by gastric infusion of glucose. These data suggest that the decline of NST, and the subsequent hypothermia during food deprivation, is in large part a sympathetically mediated reflex response to low cerebral BG concentration. However, glucose injection in doses sufficient to restore BG after fasting did not restore NST, nor was NST abolished by intracellular glucoprivation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose in fed rats. Thus, it is not argued that BG concentration is in itself an adequate signal for controlling NST.
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PMID:Sympathetic inhibition of thermogenesis in the infant rat: possible glucostatic control. 87 42

Amino acid transport in the cells of calcium-dependent fungus Phytophthora infestans has been largely studied with respect to phenylalanine. It is defined as an active process in a number of characteristics. The reasons for that are as follows: 1) accumulation of amino acids is inhibited by carbodiimide and ruthenium red, which suggests the participation of an intermediate; 2) the transport is energy-dependent, since it is inhibited by potassium cyanide, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cold-osmotic shock results in the inhibition of the amino acid and glucose transport 20-80 times without inhibiting calcium transport. The data obtained suggest that the transport systems of amino acids and calcium are probably not interrelated.
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PMID:[Transport of amino acids and calcium in the fungus, Phytophthora infestans]. 88 70

The rise in O2 consumption and in glucose turnover, induced by acute cold exposure is not suppressed by adrenal demedullation in dogs. However, both at neutral and cold ambient temperature, the mean plasma glucose concentrations are higher in normal (N) than in adrenal-demedullated dogs (ADMX). In the cold, the fall in rectal temperature is larger in ADMX than in N dogs.
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PMID:Tolerance to cold and glucose homeostasis in adrenal demedullated dogs. 89 16

Irreversible utilization and recycling of glucose during epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia were studied in adrenal-demedullated dogs exposed to neutral or cold ambient temperature. Whatever the ambient temperature, most of the extra glucose mobilized by epinephrine is recycled rather than irreversibly utilized by the peripheral tissue.
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PMID:Effect of epinephrine upon irreversible disposal and recycling of glucose in dogs. 89 63

Glucagon infusion at a rate of 2 microgram/min for 30 min into warm-acclimated rats induced a marked rise of glucose concentration in venous blood both in the external jugular vein and in Sulzer's vein from the interscapular brown adipose tissue. In cold-acclimated rats the increase in the concentration of glucose was significantly reduced in the former vein and abolished in the latter one. These results suggest an enhanced use of glucose in the brown adipose tissue in cold-acclimated animals under the influence of glucagon.
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PMID:Reduced hyperglycemic action of glucagon in cold-acclimated rats, especially in venous drainage from brown adipose tissue. 90 68

Cold tolerance and metabolic responses to cold were studied in cold-acclimated rats on high fat diet (CAHF). Cold tolerance at-5 degrees C was assessed by fall of colonic temperature of clipped rats after 18 h of fasting. Rate of fall in colonic temperature was greatest in warm-acclimated control rats (WAST), slowest in cold-acclimated rats on standard diet (CAST), and remained unchanged in CAHF during cold exposure for 240 min. Increment in blood free fatty acid (FFA) concentration 80 min after cold exposure was greatest in WAST, less in CAST, and least in CAHF. Blood glucose decreased similarly in WAST and CAST after cold exposure, while it remained unchanged in CAHF. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate also increased similarly in WAST and CAST, while it did not change in CAHF. Nonshivering thermogenesis tested by noradrenaline was greatest in CAHF, followed by CAST and WAST. Shivering induced by cold exposure was less pronounced in CAST than in WAST and did not develop in CAHF; changes in colonic temperature were inversely related to the extent of shivering during cold exposure for 90 min. These results suggest that an integrating effect of cold and high fat diet could improve cold tolerance much more than cold acclimation itself, possibly through enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis caused by metabolic modifications such as increased lipid use and gluconeogenesis.
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PMID:Improved cold tolerance and its mechanism in cold-acclimated rats by high fat diet feeding. 90 67

The reducing-end sugar residues of pachyman, amylose, dextran, and cold water-insoluble laminaran were isolated from the polymers as penta-O-methylhexitols or penta-O-ethylhexitols by treatment with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin (OH-form) after reductjion, alkylation, and acid hydrolysis. The penta-O-alkylhexitols obtained were analyzed by GLC and combined GLC-mass spectrometry as acetates and found to be in accord with expectations based on the known structures of the polysaccharides. 3- and 4-mono-O-acetyl-penta-O-alkylhexitols, which have the same substitution pattern, were easily distinguishable on the mass spectograms, using sodium borodeuteride for reduction.
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PMID:Structural studies on the reducing-end sugar residues of polysaccharides by GLC and mass spectrometry. 91 94

Spontaneously contracting myocytes were isolated from ventricles of the adult rat heart. Hearts were perfused retrogradally via the aorta for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C with Ca2+-free phosphate-buffered saline containing collagenase and hyaluronidase. The venticles were divided into pieces and incubated 15 minutes with the enzymes. Dislodged cells were decanted, diluted with cold buffer and allowed to settle. The washed cells were then sedimented through 3% Ficoll. This procedure yielded approximately 50 mg of protein from 1 gm of heart. Viability measured by trypan-glue exclusion is 90-95%. Approximately 80% of the cells were beating. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggest that the isolated myocytes are morphologically intact. The cells oxidize glucose, pyruvate, citrate and palmitate to CO2 and synthesize protein and RNA. Uptake of glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, leucine and taurine was saturable. Glucose uptake was stimulated by insulin. The cells retained LDH and CPK as well as their capacity to oxidize substrates after 24 hours at 4 degrees C or 4 hours at 37 degrees C. After 24 hours at 4 degrees C the cells resume contracting when returned to room temperature. The procedure reported here for the isolation of spontaneously contracting, adult, rat heart myocytes provides cells with a high index of viability and greater yield than previously reported methods. The cells retain metabolic activity and withstand storage for longer periods than other described preparations.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of myocytes from the adult rat heart. 91 20

A GLC method was developed for the simultaneous determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride in a cold tablet preparation containing a large amount of aspirin. The method utilizes a solid sampling device to eliminate interference from solvent, and it is rapid and precise. The total analysis time is less than 1.5 hr, thereby permitting its use for quality control purposes.
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PMID:Simultaneous quantitative GLC determination of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in a cold tablet preparation. 93 84


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