Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six deep-sea proteolytic bacteria taken from Aleutian margin sediments were screened; one of them produced a cold-adapted neutral halophilic protease. These bacteria belong to Pseudoalteromonas spp., which were identified by the 16S rDNA sequence. Of the six proteases produced, two were neutral cold-adapted proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 7-8 and at temperature close to 35 degrees C, and the other four were alkaline proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 9 and at temperature of 40-45 degrees C. The neutral cold-adapted protease E1 showed its optimal activity at a sodium chloride concentration of 2 M, whereas the activity of the other five proteases decreased at elevated sodium chloride concentrations. Protease E1 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and its molecular mass was 34 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of protease E1 was determined to be 32,411 Da by mass spectrometric analysis. Phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) did not inhibit the activity of this protease, whereas it was partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid sodium salt (EDTA-Na). De novo amino acid sequencing proved protease E1 to be a novel protein.
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PMID:Characterization of proteolytic bacteria from the Aleutian deep-sea and their proteases. 1693 87

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, including cardioplegic arrest (CA), has been associated with cardiac apoptosis induction. However, the time course of apoptosis activation and the trigger mechanisms are still unclear. Because apoptosis inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for long-term myocardial preservation, we sought to investigate the time course of apoptosis signal-pathway induction during CA. As to method, Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated. CA was initiated by infusion of ice-cold crystalloid solution (Custodiol, 10 ml/kg) into the aortic root, and hearts were rapidly excised and stored for 0, 30, 60, and 120 min in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (28 degrees C). In controls, no CA was initiated before removal and storage at 28 degrees C. In another group, calcium-rich cardioplegia was used, and an additional group received a caspase-8 inhibitor before CA induction. Left ventricular cytosolic extracts were isolated and investigated for the activity of caspase-3 and -6 (effector caspases) and caspase-8 and -9 (involved in extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis induction). Fluorometric activity assays were performed by using specific substrates. As a result, activities of all tested caspases were significantly increased immediately after CA induction compared with controls. Administration of the caspase-8 inhibitor significantly reduced activities of all caspases. With calcium-rich cardioplegia, caspase activities were significantly lower compared with low-calcium CA. Control hearts also showed an increase of caspase activities during cold-storage ischemia without CA but had significantly different time courses compared with hearts with CA. In conclusion, our data show rapid apoptosis signal-pathway induction immediately following CA exposure. Thus apoptosis signal-pathway inhibition as a potential strategy for improved myocardial preservation would have the greatest effect when applied before CA exposure.
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PMID:Induction of cardioplegic arrest immediately activates the myocardial apoptosis signal pathway. 1708 43

Different cultural techniques and molecular methods for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus during cold storage in a model broth system were compared. Two strains of V. vulnificus were grown to stationary phase and inoculated (10(6) CFU/mL) into tryptic soy broth with 2% sodium chloride (TSBN2) or artificial seawater (ASW), both pre-chilled to 5 degrees C. These were stored for 10 days, with sub-sampling conducted at time 0 and every 2 days thereafter. Each subsample was plated, by both pour and spread plate techniques, onto tryptic soy agar 2% sodium chloride (TSAN2) with or without catalase (400 or 600 U) or sodium pyruvate (80 or 160 mg) supplementation. Nucleic acids were extracted from subsamples and subjected to PCR and RT-PCR with hemolysin as the target. Higher recoveries of V. vulnificus were obtained with spread plating compared to pour plating (P<0.05). The addition of sodium pyruvate (80 mg) or catalase (400 U) significantly increased cell recovery (P<0.05). PCR amplification signals were stronger than RT-PCR signals at each timepoint, and results were generally consistent between TSAN2 and ASW for each strain. These results will aid in the design of optimum methods to recover and/or detect V. vulnificus cells subjected to sublethal stress that might be encountered in food processing and storage.
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PMID:Recovery and detection of Vibrio vulnificus during cold storage. 1741 19

A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate whether studies from three geographically diverse locations have similar response profiles to the positive and negative controls in a standard 14-day cumulative irritation study (1). The positive irritant control (0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS) and the negative control (0.9% sodium chloride, saline) data from seventeen 14-day cumulative irritation studies were reviewed. The studies were compiled from three locations representing dry/hot, humid/hot, and dry/cold environments (Scottsdale, Arizona; St. Petersburg, Florida; and Winnipeg, Manitoba, respectively). Irritation scores were generated by trained skin graders from a total of 442 subjects studied between 1999 and 2005. Cumulative irritation scores were reviewed and compared between study locations. The irritation scores for the positive and negative controls were not significantly different between locations. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) variation did not correlate significantly with overall irritation. However, the dryer climate (i.e., negative or low dew point) had a tendency to induce a higher overall irritation level for both positive and negative controls.
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PMID:The differences in human cumulative irritation responses to positive and negative irritant controls from three geographical locations. 1793 27

We report isolation and transcriptional profiling of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), OsSIPK (salicylic acid-induced protein kinase). OsSIPK gene is located on chromosome 6 most probably existing as a single copy in the rice genome, and encodes 398 amino acid polypeptide having the MAPK family signature and phosphorylation activation motif TEY. Steady state mRNA analyses of OsSIPK showed weak constitutive expression in leaves of 2-week-old rice seedlings. A time course (30-120 min) experiment using a variety of elicitors and stresses revealed that the OsSIPK mRNA is strongly induced by jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethephon, abscisic acid, cycloheximide (CHX), JA/SA + CHX, cantharidin, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chitosan, sodium chloride, and cold stress (12 degrees C), but not with wounding by cut, gaseous pollutants ozone, and sulfur dioxide, high temperature, ultraviolet C irradiation, sucrose, and drought. Its transcription was also found to be tissue-specifically regulated, and followed a rhythmic dark induction in leaves. Finally, we showed that the OsSIPK protein is localized to the nucleus. From these results, OsSIPK can be implicated in diverse stimuli-responsive signaling cascades and transcription of certain genes.
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PMID:Novel rice OsSIPK is a multiple stress responsive MAPK family member showing rhythmic expression at mRNA level. 1981 8

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) detection is developed for mercury speciation. In this paper, the efficiency of tetrabutylammonium bromide reagent and sodium chloride in a methanol-water mixture as mobile phase is evaluated for HPLC separation of methylmercury and inorganic mercury coupled with on-line CV-AAS determination. Both mercury species are separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column. Several parameters (e.g. composition and flow-rate of mobile phase) are investigated for the optimization of HPLC separations. CV-AAS technique parameters are also studied for their effect on sensitivity (sodium borohydride and sodium hydroxide concentrations in the reducing agent, reducing agent flow-rate, length of the reduction coil and nitrogen flow-rate). Quantitative recoveries for both inorganic mercury and methylmercury are obtained from a spiked natural water sample.
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PMID:On-line high-performance liquid-chromatographic separation and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometric determination of methylmercury and inorganic mercury. 1896 87

This study explored the effects of 5 taste solutions (citric acid, sucrose, sodium chloride, caffeine, and sodium glutamate) versus water on the power frequency content of swallowing submental surface electromyography (sEMG). Healthy subjects were presented with 5 ml of each of 5 tastants and water. Data were collected in 3 trials of the 5 tastants and water by using submental sEMG, which was then subjected to spectral analysis. Sour and salt taste solutions increased the spectrum-integrated values of the total power components. The spectrum-integrated values of low-frequency power (below 10 Hz) in the salt taste trial significantly increased, whereas those of high-frequency power (above 10 Hz) in the sour taste trial tended to increase. Neither pleasantness nor intensity of taste was related to these changes. This study also explored the effects of carbonation and cold stimulus on the power frequency content of continuous swallowing sEMG for 60-ml solutions. Carbonation significantly increased the spectrum-integrated value of the total power components by significantly increasing the high-frequency content. Cold stimulus significantly decreased the low-frequency content. In summary, this study reveals that taste, carbonation, and cold stimulus have qualitatively different influences on the power frequency content of swallowing sEMG.
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PMID:Effects of taste solutions, carbonation, and cold stimulus on the power frequency content of swallowing submental surface electromyography. 1922 Nov 27

In the rhizosphere, exopolymers are also known to be useful to improve the moisture-holding capacity. The ability of the isolates from coastal sand dunes to produce exopolymers was determined. Among which the isolate, showing very high production of exopolysaccharide (EPS), Microbacterium arborescens--AGSB, a facultative alkalophile was further studied for exopolymer production. The isolate a gram-positive non-spore forming, slender rod, catalase positive, oxidase negative, showed growth in 12% sodium chloride. The culture was found to produce exopolymer which showed good aggregation of sand which has an important role in the stabilization of sand dunes. The exopolymer was further analysed. The cold isopropanol precipitation of dialysed supernatants grown in polypeptone yeast extract glucose broth produced partially soluble EPSs with glucose as the sole carbon source. Chemical analysis of the EPS revealed the presence of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose and glucose. On optimization of growth parameters (sucrose as carbon source and glycine as nitrogen source), the polymer was found to be a heteropolysaccharide containing mannose as the major component. It was interesting to note that the chemical composition of the exopolymers produced from both unoptimized and optimized culture conditions of Microbacterium arborescens--AGSB is different from those of other species from the same genera. This study shows that marine coastal environments such as coastal sand dunes, are a previously unexplored habitat for EPS-producing bacteria, and that these molecules might be involved in ecological roles protecting the cells against dessication especially in nutrient-limited environments such as the coastal sand dunes more so in the extreme conditions of pH. Such polysaccharides may help the bacteria to adhere to solid substrates and survive during the nutrient limitations.
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PMID:Sand aggregation by exopolysaccharide-producing Microbacterium arborescens--AGSB. 1934 Apr 84

The global gene expression and biomolecular composition in an Escherichia coli model strain exposed to 10 adverse conditions (sodium chloride, ethanol, glycerol, hydrochloric and acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, heat (46 degrees C), and cold (15 degrees C), as well as ethidium bromide and the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride) were determined using DNA microarrays and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In total, approximately 40% of all investigated genes (1682/4279 genes) significantly changed expression, compared with a nonstressed control. There were, however, only 3 genes (ygaW (unknown function), rmf (encoding a ribosomal modification factor), and ghrA (encoding a glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase)) that significantly changed expression under all conditions (not including benzalkonium chloride). The FT-IR analysis showed an increase in unsaturated fatty acids during ethanol and cold exposure, and a decrease during acid and heat exposure. Cold conditions induced changes in the carbohydrate composition of the cell, possibly related to the upregulation of outer membrane genes (glgAP and rcsA). Although some covariance was observed between the 2 data sets, principle component analysis and regression analyses revealed that the gene expression and the biomolecular responses are not well correlated in stressed populations of E. coli, underlining the importance of multiple strategies to begin to understand the effect on the whole cell.
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PMID:Global responses of Escherichia coli to adverse conditions determined by microarrays and FT-IR spectroscopy. 1976 43

1. Under certain conditions, general autolysis does not begin immediately upon the removal of the organ from its circulation. This latent period is more apt to be present in those cases in which the tissues have been temporarily cooled on account of the use of a cold saline diluent or in which the percentage concentration of the inorganic salts (calcium or potassium), of the tissues have been changed by dilution with a sodium chloride solution. The presence of blood and absence of fats and of glycogen in the cells act as important factors in prolonging the latent period. 2. Attempts to produce an alkaline reaction (phenolphthalein) in the tissue resulted negatively. Solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and of sodium bicarbonate when added to the liver tissues gave a mixture which was acid to phenolphthalein and had no apparent effect upon autolysis. 3. The addition of antiseptics-chloroform and toluol-markedly decreased the rate of autolysis. Ordinary light produced no effect. 4. Ethyl butyrate when added to the tissue became hydrolysed into butyric acid; the formation of this acid in the mixture caused a decided acceleration in the autolytic rate. The acidity of a solution of dihydrogen sodium phosphate failed to produce a similar result. 5. The figures for the changes in the depression of the freezing-point, non-coaguable nitrogen and reaction of the autolytic mixture do not parallel one another. In some experiments a marked increase in the depression of the freezing-point was unaccompanied by augmentation of non-coagulable nitrogen. 6. General autolysis is the sum total of proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic factors. Each of these autolytic factors may proceed alone for a time; the rate of one is decidedly influenced by the presence or absence of the others. The acid products which are the result of amylolytic (lactic acid) and of lipolytic (higher fatty acids) autolysis, exert a pronounced augmentative effect upon the commencement and rate of nitrogenous autolysis.
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PMID:THE EFFECT OF CONDITIONS UPON THE LATENT PERIOD AND RATE OF ASEPTIC POST MORTEM AUTOLYSIS DURING THE FIRST TEN HOURS. 1986 44


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