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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells were injured by chilling and heating, and their recovery was tested in glucose-salt-Teepol broth (GSTB), tryptic soy broth containing 7% NaCl (TSBS), Horie - arabinose - ethyl violet broth (HAEB), and water blue - alizarin yellow broth (WBAY). Exponential phase cells were more sensitive to cold shock than were stationary phase cells. Exposure of chill-injured V. parahaemolyticus to GSTB and TSBS resulted in 70 to 80% death; about 70% lethality was noted for heat-injured cells inoculated into TSBS. Neither HAEB nor WBAY enrichment media were lethal to stressed cells, although rates of growth were retarded. The 3% NaCl in 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) diluent proved to be most suitable for protecting against inactivation of cold- and heat-injured cells.
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PMID:Suitability of some enrichment broths and diluents for enumerating cold- and heat-stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 1 61

The technic of cold anesthesia under a tourniquet is described, and an analysis of 26 operated patients is given. The anesthesia was always a success. A complication was observed in one case (after inadequate application of a tourniquet chill and tachycardia were noted). A conclusion is made on certain advantages of cold anesthesia under a tourniquet in high amputation of the lower extremities in patients with manifest senile changes in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
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PMID:[Cold-induced anesthesia under a tourniquet during amputation of the lower limbs in old patients]. 99 28

From 1967-1973, a total of 54 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was isolated from patients suffering from different acute respiratory diseases, with an average positive isolation rate of 4.7%. Most mycoplasmas were isolated from patients aged 40-60, and with pneumonia of primary atypical pneumonias. The highest frequency of isolation was found in sputum collected 4-8 days after onset of illness. Colony formation on PPLO medium usually occurred 7-12 days after incubation. Serological tests were methods of choice for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia. In the 6 years period, 163 patients were diagnosed: 74 were positive only by metabolic inhibition test (MIT), 55 were positive only by cold agglutination test (CAT), and 34 gave positive by both tests. Of the above 2 tests, the CAT is nonspecific, but the MIT appears to be more sensitive and specific. Of the 94 sera positive by MIT, 42 (48.2%) were also positive by CAT; of those negative by MIT, 45 of 507 (8.8%) were positive by CAT. Of 45 sera with positive mycoplasma isolation, 37 (82.2%) were also positive by MIT, but only 22 (48.9%) showed the rises of CAT titers. Clinical features of mycoplasmal pneumonia were almost similar to those described by the other investigators. The chief symptoms were fever, coughs, chills, rales, malaise, sore throat headache and chest pain. The sedimentation rate of erythrocytes was accelerated. White count was normal in most cases. Both leucocytosis and leucopenia were found in 10% of the cases. Seasonal variation in incidence of mycoplasmal pneumonia was not obvious, however the lowest incidence occurred during summer. A roentgenogram of the chest was necessary for diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia, and the lung infiltration was mainly located on right side (57.1%), segmentally, and limited to one lobe, especially the lower lobe.
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PMID:Mycoplasmal pneumonia in Chinese veterans. 103 86

Inhibited development of Haemonchus contortus was studied in single experimental infections of worm-free lambs. Chilling of the infective larvae at +4 degrees C was without effect on the percentage of larvae subsequently becoming inhibited and a period of exposure to autumnal conditions was unnecessary to induce a high rate of inhibition. It was concluded that seasonal inhibition of H. contortus in East Anglia is brought about primarily by an environmental stimulus acting upon the preparasitic stages but that, unlike Obeliscoides cuniculi and Ostertagia ostertagi, this was not cold. It could be provided in a culture kept in the dark at 25 degrees C for 12 days. While the age of the host did influence the phenomenon, in that larvae were less inclined to inhibition in very young animals, it was concluded that this was not a primary factor in the aetiology.
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PMID:Inhibited development in Haemonchus contortus. 118 84

Cook-chill food prepared commercially was introduced to serve our patients and staff in 1989. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in samples taken before regeneration was examined over two periods. For period A (April-November 1989), c. 0.2 g of food was examined; 2.7% of 992 meat samples and 0.6% of 1084 samples of other types of food were found to contain the organism. As a result, cold sliced meat was withdrawn from the patients' menu. For period B (February-July 1990), following the introduction of new guidelines, 25 g of food was examined after enrichment. Of the 854 meat samples examined 9% were positive for L. monocytogenes, and of the 1465 samples of other types of food examined 2.29% were positive. The significant increase between the two time periods occurred in the number of samples containing less than 10 colony forming units (cfu) g-1 of L. monocytogenes. The proportion of positive samples that contained 10-10(3) cfu g-1 remained the same for both periods (0.7%). Isolation of the organism was significantly associated with samples which had total viable counts of greater than 10(4) cfu g-1. There was no specific pattern of distribution of different serotypes in our isolates of L. monocytogenes. In the absence of evidence that small inocula of less than 10 cfu g-1 in cook-chill food before regeneration could be harmful to patients, we question whether the extra cost involved in following the Department of Health guidelines and examining 25 g of food for the presence of L. monocytogenes is justified.
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PMID:Isolation of Listeria species from precooked chilled foods. 168 35

The pathogenesis of freezing cold injuries (FCI) is not yet entirely understood. Two possible hypothesis emerge: 1) Injury is a direct result of cryogenic insult to the cells. 2) Injury is secondary to vascular stasis which leads to anoxia. In clinical congelatio ice crystallization takes place in the EC-space. When water is transformed into ice, the osmolality in this compartment will increase leading to a passive diffusion of water from the IC-space. Cell dehydration modifies protein structure, alters membrane lipids and cellular pH leading to destructions incompatible with cell survival. Cold induces vasoconstriction of both arterioles and venules, which enhances peripheral filtration and raises plasma viscosity. The stability of red corpuscle aggregates increases and showers of emboli course microvessels. Finally progressive thrombosis will end up in anoxia. The indirect vascular effect has earlier been interpreted similar to that found in non-freezing injuries. Recent studies have, however, shown, that endothelial cells are very sensitive to freezing. The rheologic part of the pathogenesis therefore also seems to depend on a direct injury to cells. The development of FCI does not always depend on ambient temperature and duration of exposure but more to the heat loss subjected to exposed skin. Wind chill, humidity and wetness are all of significance in this matter. From a clinical point of view FCI are best subdivided into superficial and deep injuries. The superficial frostbite is limited to the skin and nearest subcutaneous tissue. A stringing, pinching pain is often the first symptom. The affected area becomes pale or waxy-white and numb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Freezing cold injury. 181 85

Cold stress may be present in terms of a risk for skin surface cooling (wind chill), extremity cooling and whole body cooling. Measures of cold stress differ for the various situations. The most common approach, however, has been to apply more or less complex formulas for heat balance calculations. The combined effect of several climatic factors (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity and air velocity) and the activity level determines the cooling power of the environment. The cooling power can be easily converted into a required insulation value, that applies both to parts of the body and to the body as a whole. The value provides information about cold stress in two ways; (a) by specifying necessary behavioural adjustments in terms of required activity level and clothing insulation level, and (b) by quantifying the thermal imbalance and tolerance time, when protection worn does not provide sufficient insulation.
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PMID:Assessment of cold stress. 181 87

Recent reports on the behaviour of Salmonella at chill temperatures (less than 10 degrees C) raise concerns on the purported safety of refrigerated foods. The propensity for growth of salmonellae within 10-28 days in complex broth (5.9 degrees C) and agar (4.0 degrees C) media is overshadowed by more recent evidence on their capability to proliferate in fresh meats (2.0 degrees C) and shell eggs (4.0 degrees C) within 6 and 10 days, respectively. Such findings, together with the inability of many domestic refrigerators to maintain uniformly cold temperatures, are disquieting. Gaseous mixtures of CO2, N2 and O2 are widely used to extend the shelf life of chilled foods, notably fresh meats. The high levels of CO2 used in modified atmosphere packaging or generated by endogenous microflora in vacuum-packaged foods effectively inhibit the growth of psychrotrophic spoilage bacteria. Current evidence suggests that this industrial practice also arrests the growth of Salmonella but exerts little or no effect on their survival. Enhancement of the bacteriostatic potentials of pH and NaCl as temperature deviates from the optimum for growth to lower values could further contribute to the safety of chilled foods.
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PMID:Psychrotrophy and foodborne Salmonella. 189 38

Cold is the fiercest and most widespread enemy of life on earth. Natural cold adaptation and survival are discussed in terms of physicochemical and biochemical water management mechanisms, relying on thermodynamic or kinetic stabilization. Distinctions are drawn between general effects of low temperature (chill) and specific effects of freezing. Freeze tolerance is a misnomer because tolerance does not extend to the cell fluids. Freezing is confined to the extracellular spaces where it acts as a means of protecting the cytoplasm against freezing injury. Freeze resistance depends on the phenomenon of undercooling, a survival mechanism that relies on the long-term maintenance of a thermodynamically highly unstable state. Correct water management involves many factors, among them the control of membrane composition and transmembrane osmotic equilibrium, the biosynthesis of compounds able to afford protection against injury through freeze desiccation and the availability (or inactivation) of biogenic ice nucleation catalysts.
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PMID:Water, temperature and life. 196 46

One of the important medicinal properties of ginger is known to remove chills caused by common cold and to warm body. In the present study, acetone extract of ginger at 100 mg/kg p.o. significantly inhibited serotonin (5-HT) induced hypothermia. Therefore, the active constituents of ginger were further examined. The acetone extract was functioned into 4 fractions by column chromatography. Fractions 1 and 2 showed significant activity. Fraction 2 was further purified and [6]-shogaol which was obtained from fraction 2-2, at 10 mg/kg p.o. was shown to inhibit 5-HT induced hypothermia. Anticathartic activity is known to be one of the medicinal effects of ginger. In the present study, acetone extract of ginger at 75 mg/kg p.o., significantly inhibited 5-HT induced diarrhea. In order to clarify the active constituents, the acetone extract was fractionated into 4 fractions by silica gel chromatography. Fractions 2 and 3, which was especially effective, were further purified and [6]-shogoal, [6]-dehydrogingerdione, [8]- and [10]-gingerol were found to have an anticathartic action. [6]-Shogaol was more potent than [6]-dehydrogingerdione, [8]- and [10]-gingerol.
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PMID:[The effect of ginger on serotonin induced hypothermia and diarrhea]. 207 39


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