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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A syndrome of acute pulmonary edema has been previously reported among scuba divers in cold, European waters. Because of the temperatures involved, the name "cold-induced pulmonary edema" was coined in the original 1989 description. We report six individuals who developed the identical syndrome, five while diving in Puget Sound and one in the Gulf of Mexico. The four women and two men ranged in age from 24 to 60 yr. They experienced one to six episodes apiece, each with the development severe dyspnea at depth without excessive exertion. Associated symptoms included cough, weakness, expectoration of froth, chest discomfort, orthopnea, wheezing, hemoptysis, and dizziness. Emergency medical evaluation of four divers revealed rales on examination and pulmonary edema on chest radiograph. In one diver with pulmonary edema on chest radiograph, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was normal when measured acutely. Symptoms resolved either spontaneously over 1-2 days or with standard medial treatment for pulmonary edema. Prior history of cardiovascular disease was negative except for hypertension and mitral valve prolapse in one diver. Cardiac evaluations following recovery from the acute episodes were normal. Episodes in the cold waters of Puget Sound sometimes occurred despite the use of dry suits. Furthermore, one diver developed recurrent episodes in 27 degrees C water off Cozumel, Mexico. Development of pulmonary edema while scuba diving constitutes a distinct clinical entity which may occur in either "cold" or "warm" water. It is not associated with a decompression mechanism. Personnel caring for divers should be aware of the syndrome in order to provide optimal medical management.
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PMID:Pulmonary edema of scuba divers. 906 53

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is associated with the clinical signs and symptoms of small airway obstruction. A major public health problem throughout the world, this condition is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Management is primarily preventive, through strict hand washing, avoidance of exposure during the respiratory illness season and intravenously administered prophylactic anti-RSV Immune globulin, especially in selected small infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. Supportive measures, including fluid hydration, good nutrition, aerosolized bronchodilators and steroids, may be helpful. Ribavirin may be useful in severely ill children or those with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. A significant number of patients have recurrent episodes of bronchiolitis and wheezing, and may develop asthma later in life. Avoidance of exposure to tobacco smoke, cold air and air pollutants is also beneficial to long-term recovery from RSV bronchiolitis. A number of vaccines to prevent this infection are currently being studied.
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PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. 909 77

In adolescence, some paediatric asthma patients will become symptom-free and require no further treatment. There is little information on the atopic status, lung function and bronchial responsiveness of these patients. Symptom-free asthma patients (n=118) aged 7.7-19.2 yrs, were evaluated 1 year after termination of therapy. Bronchial asthma had previously been diagnosed on the basis of recurrent wheezing episodes. Atopic status was assessed by skin-prick testing. Baseline lung function was measured by spirometry, flow-volume curve and plethysmography. Bronchial responsiveness was assessed nonpharmacologically by cold dry air challenge. Eighty one patients had at least one positive skin test result, and the remaining 37 were defined as nonatopic. In atopic subjects, the prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness was significantly higher than in nonatopic patients (41 out of 81 versus 7 out of 37; p=0.001). Atopic subjects showed a significantly lower maximal expiratory flow at 25% remaining vital capacity (p<0.05) and a higher residual volume (p<0.05) than nonatopic subjects. Nonatopic subjects were significantly younger than atopic patients (p<0.01). These symptom- and medication-free paediatric and adolescent asthma patients could, thus, be divided into two groups: 1) atopic subjects with a tendency towards bronchial hyperresponsiveness; and 2) nonatopic subjects with better lung function and normal bronchial responsiveness In view of the increased understanding of the epidemiology of early childhood wheezing, these findings support the concept of different pathogenic mechanisms underlying wheezing episodes in early childhood.
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PMID:Atopy, lung function and bronchial responsiveness in symptom-free paediatric asthma patients. 916 44

We describe an unusual case of acute myocardial infarction due to vasospasm in a 13-year-old boy. He was admitted to our hospital with severe congestive heart failure and shock. He had experienced a feeling of chest oppression with dyspnea while running, which grew worse. He then lost consciousness and was brought by ambulance to our intensive care unit. He had had similar but milder episodes of chest oppression months earlier. The family history revealed that his father had died suddenly from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and that his grandmother also had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. On admission, the patient was bathed in a cold sweat, his pulse was weak, and his blood pressure was too low to measure. Coarse crackling and wheezing were audible in both lung fields. Administration of catecholamine and intra-aortic balloon pumping failed to stabilize the hemodynamic variables, but percutaneous cardiopulmonary support proved to be lifesaving. Coronary arteriography performed during his convalescence showed on evidence of atherosclerosis. The acetylcholine provocation test ultimately revealed a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction due to vasospasm.
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PMID:Acute myocardial infarction due to vasospasm in a 13-year-old-boy. 922 1

In 1994, 16,187 junior high school students were surveyed in Jakarta and surrounding cities, Indonesia, to study the effect of air pollution on respiratory illnesses. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured by the filter badge developed by Yanagisawa and Nishimura as a measure of air pollution. The average concentration of NO2 is the highest in central Jakarta and Tangerang (22-30 ppb), the lowest in rural areas (5-11 ppb), and in other cities, 11-20 ppb. Self-administered questionnaires were given to the students in 29 schools to obtain respiratory symptoms of cough, phlegm and wheeze. A significant relationship was found in this study between NO2 exposure levels and prevalence rates of cough, phlegm, and wheezing without cold, which were 27.7 to 38.7%, 15.0 to 21.9%, and 1.4 to 2.9%, respectively. Prevalence rates of persistent cough and persistent phlegm were 7.3 to 10.8% and 4.5 to 5.0% respectively. These rates were higher than those found by other researchers. This difference may be partly due to the survey methods. The more polluted, the higher the prevalence rate of respiratory symptoms.
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PMID:Effect of air pollution on respiratory symptoms of junior high school students in Indonesia. 925 87

The allergens of domestic pets such as cats, dogs and birds, have been known to sensitive predisposed individuals. In Singapore, approximately 25% to 35% of our atopic populations are sensitised to cat, dog or bird feather allergens. It is not known, however, if the presence of such domestic pets would translate to higher rates of sensitisation, or more importantly, give rise to increased respiratory symptoms. This study evaluated the association between the presence of domestic pets at home and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among asthmatic children in Singapore. The parents of 1517 doctor-diagnosed asthmatic children were interviewed using the American Thoracic Society-Division of Lung Diseases respiratory questionnaire. More than 20% were found to have domestic pets (cats, dogs or birds) at home. Of these, those with exposure to passive smoke in the home were excluded. A total of 188 current pet owners (cats, dogs and birds) were demographically-matched for sex, race and socio-economic status (type of housing) to those without pets, past or current. Compared to those without pets, asthmatic children with pets at home had a higher prevalence of coughing with cold [relative risk (RR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.69]; wheezing with cold (RR 1.42; CI 1.07 to 1.90), wheezing with shortness of breath (RR 1.33; CI 1.00 to 1.82), exercise-induced wheezing (RR 1.68; CI 1.10 to 2.56); and increased phlegm production or congestion with cold (RR 1.38; CI 1.00 to 1.91). This study suggests that the presence of domestic pets increases the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. Those with predisposition to these allergens should avoid having these pets in the home or take specific precautions in avoiding their allergens.
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PMID:Presence of domestic pets and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. 928 20

The aim of this study was to assess the relation between bronchial hyperresponsiveness to dry, cold air at age 6 and the subsequent incidence of asthma. The cumulative incidence of newly diagnosed asthma between ages 6 and 11 among 360 children included in this study was 12.0%. Survival analysis showed that hyperresponsiveness to cold air at age 6 was associated with an increased risk of developing subsequent asthma (hazard ratio = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.2-5.4; p = 0.01). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, only mild wheezing at age 6 (adjusted hazard ratio 7.5, 95% CI = 3.6-15.9; p < 0.001) and skin test reactivity to allergens at age 6 (adjusted hazard ratio 3.6, 95% CI = 1.5-8.5; p < 0.01), but not hyperresponsiveness to cold air (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.4-2.2; p = 0.8), remained significant predictors of subsequent development of asthma. These findings were substantially confirmed after stratifying for wheezing illnesses before age 3. We conclude that hyperresponsiveness to cold air at age 6 was associated with subsequent development of a diagnosis of asthma but this effect was not independent of atopy and mild wheezing at age 6.
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PMID:Cold air challenge at age 6 and subsequent incidence of asthma. A longitudinal study. 941 67

The patient was a 10-year-old boy who complained of urticaria upon exposure to cold air and after swimming in the pool. He also had seasonal asthma and wheezing after strenuous activities. To determine whether he had primary acquired cold urticaria, we performed a cold stimulation test twice. We likewise wanted to know whether a difference in response with regard to histamine release existed between blood samples taken from the challenged and the unchallenged sites. We obtained blood samples for histamine release initially at the site opposite the challenged forearm, and then on the same side on two separate occasions. We noted the appearance of constitutional signs and symptoms and correlated the time of their appearance with the result of histamine levels. The patient complained of pruritus and wheals appeared at the 5 minute in both tests. Results of plasma histamine release in the two measurements showed the highest releasability at 15 min. Our findings revealed that histamine is released systemically in response to cold stimulation regardless of the site where the blood sample was obtained.
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PMID:Cold stimulation test and histamine release in primary acquired cold urticaria. 941 46

Little is known about the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in tropical and developing countries; the data currently available have been reviewed. In most studies, RSV was found to be the predominant viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) in childhood, being responsible for 27-96% of hospitalised cases (mean 65%) in which a virus was found. RSV infection is seasonal in most countries; outbreaks occur most frequently in the cold season in areas with temperate and Mediterranean climates and in the wet season in tropical countries with seasonal rainfall. The situation on islands and in areas of the inner tropics with perennial high rainfall is less clear-cut. The age group mainly affected by RSV in developing countries is children under 6 months of age (mean 39% of hospital patients with RSV). RSV-ALRI is slightly more common in boys than in girls. Very little information is available about the mortality of children infected with RSV, the frequency of bacterial co-infection, or the incidence of further wheezing after RSV. Further studies on RSV should address these questions in more detail. RSV is an important pathogen ill young children in tropical and developing countries and a frequent cause of hospital admission. Prevention of RSV infection by vaccination would have a significant impact on the incidence of ALRI in children in developing countries.
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PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus infection in tropical and developing countries. 962 27

A fifty year-old female who had previously been well presented with a productive cough and a high fever. Her initial chest X-ray film showed no abnormal lung shadows. Despite partial improvement of the fever and the serum level of acute phase reactant (CRP) in response to intravenous administration of piperacillin, she complained of increasing severity of cough and dyspnea. Follow-up chest X-ray films taken five days after therapy with piperacillin showed diffuse nodular shadows in the mid-to-lower lung fields bilaterally. Chest CT scan disclosed diffuse miliary nodules at the lung periphery and thickening of bronchovascular markings. Chest auscultation revealed late inspiratory coarse crackles and expiratory wheezing, and the patient's arterial oxygen tension was 61 mmHg. Suspected of suffering from primary atypical pneumonia, she was started on therapy with intravenous minocyclin (200 mg/day), two days after treatment her symptoms began improving significantly. Anti-mycoplasma antibody was found to be x 1280, and cold hemoagglutinin x 1024, establishing the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The patient's condition completely recovered following a one week treatment with minocyclin. We concluded that her respiratory infection was caused by piperacillin-sensitive mico-organism, and also Mycoplasma pneumoniae which brought about hypoxic acute bronchiolitis to the patient.
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PMID:[A case of hypoxemic acute bronchiolitis presenting with diffuse nodular shadows caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. 984 28


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