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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The term "neoantigen," as applied to molecules newly expressed on tumor cells, has a long history. The groundbreaking discovery of a cancer causing virus in chickens by Rous over 100 years ago, followed by discoveries of other tumor-causing viruses in animals, suggested a viral etiology of human cancers. The search for other oncogenic viruses in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in the discoveries of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human papilloma virus (HPV), and continues until the present time. Contemporaneously, the budding field of immunology was posing the question can the immune system of animals or humans recognize a tumor that develops from one's own tissues and what types of antigens would distinguish the tumor from normal cells. Molecules encoded by oncogenic viruses provided the most logical candidates and evidence was quickly gathered for both humoral and cellular recognition of viral antigens, referred to as neoantigens. Often, however, serologic responses to virus-bearing tumors revealed neoantigens unrelated to viral proteins and expressed on multiple tumor types, foreshadowing later findings of multiple changes in other genes in tumor cells creating nonviral neoantigens.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018 11 01
PMID:Is It Possible to Develop Cancer Vaccines to Neoantigens, What Are the Major Challenges, and How Can These Be Overcome? Neoantigens: Nothing New in Spite of the Name. 2925 80

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is globally prevalent and in adolescents mostly observed as infectious mononucleosis. Abnormal liver blood tests are common, whereas more serious hepatitis is less prevalent. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia may also occur in the course of this infection. We report a case of a 15-year-old girl with cholestatic hepatitis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with EBV infection. The Donath-Landsteiner test was positive suggesting paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria. She was treated with supportive care and discharged in recovery after three weeks.
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PMID:[Severe haemolytic anaemia and hepatitis in the course of Epstein-Barr virus infection]. 2953 39

Lifestyle and environmental factors potently influence the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), because genetic predisposition only explains a fraction of the risk increase. There is strong evidence for associations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, smoking, sun exposure/vitamin D, and adolescent obesity to risk of MS. There is also circumstantial evidence on organic solvents and shift work, all associate with greater risk, although certain factors like nicotine, alcohol, and a high coffee consumption associate with a reduced risk. Certain factors, smoking, EBV infection, and obesity interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) risk genes, arguing for a pathogenic pathway involving adaptive immunity. There is a potential for prevention, in particular for people at greater risk such as relatives of individuals with MS. All of the described factors for MS may influence adaptive and/or innate immunity, as has been argued for MS risk gene variants.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019 04 01
PMID:Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis. 2973 78

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting approximately 1500 patients per year. Three forms of BL exist (sporadic, endemic, immunodeficiency associated) and the endemic form was first discovered as being driven by the Epstein Barr virus in areas of the world where malaria is prevalent. BL has the characteristic t8; 14 cytogenetic translocation that leads to constitutive activation of the MYC gene, which drives BL cell division. Therapy of BL has resulted in cure for many patients but significant toxicity and treatment related complications remains problematic in the approach to BL therapy. Treatment options for relapsed and refractory disease remain limited however novel treatments are being studied to block MYC activation, and cold lead to promising options for patients with relapsed and refractory disease.
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PMID:Burkitt lymphoma- a rare but challenging lymphoma. 3021 97

Autoimmune hemolytic anemias mediated by cold agglutinins can be divided into cold agglutinin disease (CAD), which is a well-defined clinicopathologic entity and a clonal lymphoproliferative disorder, and secondary cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS), in which a similar picture of cold-hemolytic anemia occurs secondary to another distinct clinical disease. Thus, the pathogenesis in CAD is quite different from that of polyclonal autoimmune diseases such as warm-antibody AIHA. In both CAD and CAS, hemolysis is mediated by the classical complement pathway and therefore can result in generation of anaphylotoxins, such as complement split product 3a (C3a) and, to some extent, C5a. On the other hand, infection and inflammation can act as triggers and drivers of hemolysis, exemplified by exacerbation of CAD in situations with acute phase reaction and the role of specific infections (particularly Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Epstein-Barr virus) as causes of CAS. In this review, the putative mechanisms behind these phenomena will be explained along with other recent achievements in the understanding of pathogenesis in these disorders. Therapeutic approaches have been directed against the clonal lymphoproliferation in CAD or the underlying disease in CAS. Currently, novel targeted treatments, in particular complement-directed therapies, are also being rapidly developed and will be reviewed.
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PMID:New Insights in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Cold Agglutinin-Mediated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. 3231 71


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