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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Giessen Subjective Complaints List for children (GSCL-C) a questionnaire on physical complaints in self-image form, was developed out of the adult GSCL. The questionnaire contains items from the areas; general wellbeing, vegetative complaints, pains, emotionality and children's complaints. The subject is asked to estimate the degree of distress caused by each complaint (never/rarely/sometimes/often/always). Factor analysis based on a sample of 1047 schoolchildren aged 9 to 15 revealed five complaint complexes containing seven items each, which were subsequently grouped into the following scales: (1) Exhaustion, (2) Gastric Complaints, (3) Pains in Limbs, (4) Circulatory Problems, (5) Cold Symptoms. The sum of the five scales makes up the sixth scale score, overall distress. Besides describing the development of the instrument and its scales, sex- and age-related norms are given and the assessment criteria explained. Procedure and areas of application are also discussed.
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PMID:[The Giessen Symptom Questionnaire for children and adolescents]. 149 26

Effects of heat tolerance (HT) relating with individual emotionality, and of thermal biofeedback on itching were examined. Fourteen high HT subjects and 12 low HT subjects were selected by the Cold and Heat Tolerance Scales (Dienstbier, LaGuardia, & Wilcox, 1987). The experiment was divided into three phases: rating of itch, eight thermal biofeedback (increase or decrease) training sessions, and rating of itch with biofeedback. Itching was produced by a glue made from Japanese yam powder. Yam glue was applied on the subjects' dorsal forearm. The biofeedback information was given by the thermographics on the CRT, where its color was changed according to the changes in temperature of the dorsal forearm skin. Results showed that (a) subjects who were instructed to decrease their skin temperature reported comparatively lower intensities of itching, although their actual temperature controls were unsuccessful, and (b) the biofeedback performance reduced the intensity of itching for the low HT subjects, but raised it for the high HT subjects who were instructed to increase their skin temperature. The results suggested that the biofeedback performance could have different central effects on itching among the HT groups.
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PMID:[Itch and the heat tolerance scale: effects of thermographic biofeedback]. 150 64

In SART-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) rats, shuttle-avoidance response was examined. The rats exposed to SART stress prior to training showed a high avoidance rate and no change in the intertrial response. Upon exposure to SART stress after completion of learning, the rats showed no changes in the avoidance rate and an increase in the intertrial response in the retention test. These results are in contrast to the previous observations of passive avoidance response, and the abnormal behavior in such animals may be based on excessive emotionality and/or hyperreactivity rather than alterations in the process of learning and memory.
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PMID:A characteristic pattern of active avoidance behavior in SART-stressed rats. 274 45

As part of an investigation on the behavioral characteristics of SART-stressed animals, an animal model of autonomic imbalance, the open-field behavior of SART-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) rats was studied and compared with that of rats exposed to other types of stress. In addition, the effects of several drugs on it were also studied. As compared with normal rats, SART-stressed rats exhibited increased locomotor activity, rearing and center-field penetration, together with decreased grooming and increased defecation, whereas they showed no significant changes in spontaneous movements in the daytime as measured by an Animex activity meter. These behavioral abnormalities were remarkably different from those due to 1-hr cold, 48-hr cold and repeated restraint stresses. These abnormal forms of open-field behavior due to SART stress were considerably inhibited by chlorpromazine, imipramine and neurotropin at doses having no corresponding influence on normal rats; and they were partially inhibited by alprazolam, diazepam and carpipramine at doses exerting considerable influence on normal rats. The above results show that SART-stressed rats exhibit open-field behavioral abnormalities that are different from those of rats exposed to other types of stress. Such abnormalities include excessive activity, which is considered to be caused by excessive emotionality.
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PMID:The abnormal open-field behavior of SART-stressed rats and effects of some drugs on it. 324 1

Hypothyroidal rats produced by low iodine diet or propylthiouracyl (PTU) were less active in the open field and received fewer food reinforcements than controls in a lever press situation at both 22 degrees C and 1 degree C. The hypothyroid rats also pressed less when heat was the reinforcer. On the other hand, hyperthyroidal rats produced by thyroid powder ingestion showed reduced emotionality in the open field. Acute exposure to cold failed to increase their alimentary or heat reinforced behavior. The results suggest that hypothyroidism produces a general inattention to the environment. This is found whether the environmental stimulus is an opportunity to explore, access to food or the availability of external heat.
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PMID:Altered responsiveness to ambiental stimuli in altered thyroidal states. 368 60

88 adult male rats were divided into 9 groups. Group I and II served as controls. The rats of group III were repeatedly aroused during 4 days at the very onset of each paradoxical sleep period by direct MRF stimulation. This deprivation reduced the daily amount of paradoxical sleep by 70%, while the slow wave sleep was reduced by 10% only. In group IV, the animals were given food and water for one hour a day only. Groups V and VI were subjected to immobilization and cold stress, respectively. Groups VII, VIII and IX were deprived of paradoxical sleep on platforms of 15, 11 and 6.5 cm in diameter, respectively. Stress was estimated by the classical Selye's triad: weight of adrenals and thymus and gastric ulceration. Emotionality was measured in the open field and also by self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Neither emotional behaviour disturbances nor stress features were found after paradoxical sleep deprivation in the group III. Moreover, this deprivation induced a slight, though significant, reduction in adrenals weight. Also, no changes in emotional behaviour were noted in the stress-exposed group V and VI. Only the interplay between REM-sleep deprivation and stress on the platforms in groups VII, VIII and especially IX led to a considerable shift in emotionality.
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PMID:[Paradoxical sleep deprivation, stress and emotionality in the rat]. 398 97

The effects of adaptation to stress and of genetic differences on levels of in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and in vivo catecholamine (CA) release are reviewed. It is shown that adaptation of animals to a wide variety of stressors including immobilization, electroconvulsive shock, footshock, hemorrhage, exercise and cold exposure results in a reduced CA response in the plasma, brainstem and heart to subsequent exposure to the same stress. Adaptation to many of the latter stressors also produces increased in vitro levels of TH activity. A similar inverse relation between in vitro TH activity and in vivo CA release is described for two inbred rat strains which differ in emotionality (Brown-Norway and Wistar Kyoto). The inverse relationship between TH activity and CA release may reflect different processes of biochemical adaptation utilized either for acclimation to stress, for preparation for emergency reactions or for changes in the metabolic costs of transmitter release. The similarity between environmental and genetic effects on these variables suggests that the above changes have a common adaptive function.
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PMID:Adaptation to stress: tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine release. 613 56

Eighty-eight adult white rats were divided into 9 groups. Groups 1 and 2 served as controls. The rats of Group 3 were repeatedly aroused during 4 days at the very onset of each REM-sleep period by direct midbrain reticular formation stimulation. This deprivation decreased the daily amount of REM-sleep by 70%, while slow-wave sleep was reduced by 10% only. In Group 4, the animals were given food and water for 1 h a day only. Groups 5 and 6 were subjected to immobilization and cold stress, respectively. Groups 7, 8 and 9 were deprived of REM-sleep on platforms of 15, 11 and 6.5 cm in diameter, respectively. Stress was estimated by the classical Selye's triad: weight of adrenals and thymus and gastric ulceration. Emotionality was measured in the open-field and also by self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Neither emotional behavior disturbances nor Selye's stress features were found after REM-deprivation in Group 3. Moreover, arousal deprivation induced a slight, though significant, reduction in adrenal weight. Also, no changes in emotional behavior were noted in stress-exposed groups (5 and 6). Only the interplay between REM-sleep deprivation and stress on the platforms (Groups 7, 8 and especially 9) led to a considerable shift in emotionality.
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PMID:REM-sleep deprivation, stress and emotional behavior in rats. 652 44

A relatively new ulcerogenic procedure, supine restraint-cold, is described. This procedure is simple, effective andproduced a reliably high incidence of gastric glandular lesions in a variety of animal species. In some cases, these lesions penetrate the muscularis mucosa and as such may be called ulcers. They are responsive to known therapeutic agents (cimetidine, aluminum hydroxide). Drugs which modify autonomic activity (scopolamine, carbachol) affect the extent of supine restraint-cold induced gastric lesions. Animals which differ in open-field behaviors indicative of emotionality, show marked differences in gastric lesions induced by this procedure. It is suggested that the supine restraint-cold procedure meets the established criteria for a useful experimental ulcer model [25] and thus represents a viable research tool.
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PMID:Restraint ulcer: history, current research and future implications. 719 55

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the emotionality and the modulation of ultrasonic vocalizations in Tsukuba High Emotional (THE) and Tsukuba Low Emotional (TLE) strain rat pups 3-18 days old. The THE pups, while isolated from their dam and littermates and placed in a cold environment, emitted ultrasonic isolation calls at a high rate until day 15. In contrast, ultrasound production was at a consistently low level throughout the test period in the TLE pups. The ultrasonic isolation calls of THE pups were attenuated to the same level as those of the TLE pups after administration of diazepam (1 mg/kg, s.c.), a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, at 6 and 12 days of age. These findings suggest that the high emotionality of the rat pups was reflected largely by the emission of ultrasounds in response to isolation distress rather than the number of the benzodiazepine receptors in the brain that might play a role in physiologic mediation of the rat pup isolation call.
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PMID:Ultrasonic isolation calls in genetically high- and low-emotional rat pups. 1110 55


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