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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many viruses, even the common cold, are capable of producing sensorineural hearing loss. Treatment so far available is ineffective in correcting these losses. However, as the technology of vaccination advances, it is hoped that these can be prevented. Poliomyelitis and smallpox have been virtually eliminated from this country. Measles, rubella, and mumps are coming under control. Perhaps in the future we will be able to completely control influenza and the common cold and thus prevent many of the sensorineural hearing losses that we see today.
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PMID:Viral causes of sensorineural hearing loss. 66 51

High titer cold agglutinins (CA) after rubella infection are reported. When the rubella exanthema disappeared the clinical aspect of a cold agglutinin disease was observed. Three weeks after the appearance of the cutaneous eruption the CA titer reached a maximum of 1/8000, to then continuously fall off to normal values within 20 weeks. Double diffusion tests showed that the isolated CA were IgM proteins that possess only chi-type light chains. In spite of normal protein- and immunoelectrophoresis patterns obtained with whole serum samples, the isolated CA showed restricted electrophoretic mobility and a deformation of the precipitate typical for monoclonal immunoglobulins. In contrast to the common anti-I specificity of IgM CA, the IgM CA described showed anti-Pr specificity. Possible interrelations between CA specificities and types of germs inducing reactive cold agglutination are discussed.
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PMID:[High titer cold agglutinins with anti-pr specificity after rubella infection (author's transl)]. 80 14

A monoclonal IgM(kappa) anti-Pr cold agglutinin occurring after a rubella infection is shown to have the 'new' anti-Pr subspecificity anti-Pr3. Pr3 determinants are found on cat and sheep erythrocytes which lack Pr1 and Pr2 determinants. By carbodiimide treatment of human erythrocyte glycoproteins, which causes intramolecular coupling of N-acetylneuraminic acid carboxyl groups and nucleophilic centers of the glycoprotein backbone, Pr3 antigen activity is strongly increased, while Pr1 and Pr2 determinants are inactivated.
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PMID:Anti-Pr3: serological and immunochemical identification of a new anti-Pr subspecificity. 125 75

Cold agglutinins are antibodies against erytrocyte membrane antigens, and are produced primarily or secondarily. We report on the case of a 5 year old girl who developed cold agglutinin disease 3 days after an attack of German measles. Following exposure to cold, appeared blue-red cutaneous manifestations of the fingers, hands cheeks and nose. The clinical manifestations cleared up without any specific therapy. The occurrence of cold agglutinins after German measles is rare. The case report is discussed within the context of reports in the literature.
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PMID:[Cold agglutinin syndrome after rubella infection]. 149 65

Cold agglutinins of anti-Pr specificity were detected in two newborn infants suffering from serologically ascertained rubella embryopathy, an IgM kappa anti-Pr(a), titer 64, and an IgM lambda anti-Pr1, titer 16. The cases are rare examples of cold agglutinin production in newborns; a possible relationship between anti-Pr specificity and rubella infection is discussed.
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PMID:Cold agglutinins of anti-Pr specificity in rubella embryopathy. 163 82

A questionnaire investigation among general practitioners revealed that 29% of these were less positive about vaccination for measles, mumps and German measles (MFR vaccination) than for the remainder of the vaccination programme for children. Knowledge about contraindications for MFR vaccination was incomplete. Thus, only 26% of the general practitioners would advise vaccination if the parents stated that the child was hypersensitive to eggs. Only 70-80% of the general practitioners would advise vaccination if the child had cystic fibrosis, hydrocephalus, ventricle septum defect or had a cold but was apyrexial. Conversely, only 74% and 81% replied negatively to recommend vaccination if the child had had a previous anaphylactic reaction to eggs or was receiving treatment for leukemia. The replies given by the general practitioners were compared with present guidelines for contraindications to MFR vaccination and it is concluded that general practitioners should become more familiar with the knowledge about the MFR programme available at present and that further information from the official health authorities is required.
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PMID:[Attitudes to and knowledge of contraindications against measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. (MFR-vaccination) among general practitioners]. 200 14

We examined the possibility that the common cold or afebrile upper respiratory tract infection might interfere with successful immunization in children who receive standard measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Infants 15 to 18 months of age presenting at our well-child clinics for routine examination and immunizations were divided into two groups. Those infants with a history and physical findings of upper respiratory tract infection were compared with healthy control group infants who did not have upper respiratory tract infections, and who did not have a history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms within the previous month. Both groups were studied for their serologic response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Prevaccination serum samples were obtained prior to vaccine administration and postvaccination serum samples were obtained 6 to 8 weeks later. Measles antibody was measured in these serum samples by an indirect fluorescein-tagged antibody test. Ten (21%) of 47 infants with colds failed to develop measles antibody, while only one (2%) of 51 well infants failed to develop antibody. We conclude that infants with colds have a significant seroconversion failure rate associated with measles vaccine administration and that this may be the cause of some primary measles vaccine failures.
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PMID:Decreased measles antibody response after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in infants with colds. 201 32

Autoantibodies against red cells optimally reacting at 0 degree C, ie, CA, are normally found with low titers in the serum of human adults. High-titer CA may be induced by certain infectious agents, including M pneumoniae, EBV, CMV, and rubella virus, or may develop on the basis of chronic (malignant) B cell lymphoproliferation. The main clinical manifestation of cold agglutination is AIHA. Antigens and antibodies of cold agglutination are the best characterized reaction partners of a human autoimmune process. CA may recognize I and i antigens, which are lipid- and protein-linked branched and linear N-acetyl-lactosamine chains, respectively. They are precursors of the ABH blood group antigens and are converted into H by fucosylation. An alternative substitution by sialylation creates Gd, Fl, and probably Vo/Li antigens. CA with anti-Pr and anti-Sa specificities recognize 0-glycans with immunodominant sialyl groups on glycophorins. Several Pr subspecificities can be identified by chemically modified sialyl groups on glycophorins. Because CA in chronic lymphoproliferation are monoclonal antibodies, structure-specificity-interrelations of the antibodies could be identified by primary structure analyses of the N-terminal variable regions of H and L chains and by studies on CA idiotypes. Interrelations between distinct CA specificities and particular infectious agents could explain cold agglutination as a response to receptors for the agents or to the binding sites of antibodies against the agents. Interrelations also existing between certain CA isotypes (Ig classes and L chain types) and CA specificities could be a basis for the elucidation of the enigmatic etiology of chronic (malignant) monoclonal cold agglutination.
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PMID:Cold agglutination. 252 May 50

The vaccine type (HPV77 strain) of rubella virus replicates slower and manifests a delayed appearance of cytopathic effect in Vero-76 cells as compared to wild-type virus (M33). The change in cytopathic effect coincides with the delayed appearance of both genomic and subgenomic RNA as well as viral structural proteins in the cell. The delay in the appearance of the viral proteins in the cells was also evident when the cells infected with the vaccine-type virus were treated with the lysosomotropic agent such as chloroquine. Binding studies using [35S]methionine-labeled virus showed that the vaccine-type virus bound to the cells poorly and the binding was not completely competed out with the cold virus.
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PMID:Rubella virus: mechanism of attenuation in the vaccine strain (HPV77). 277 98

Focusing on the worldwide state of immunization, attention is directed to the progress being made in control of the 6 diseases -- measles, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis -- using the vaccines and equipment now available. Major problems in world-wide vaccine coverage to be resolved are: management to ensure that adequate amounts of potent vaccine are delivered on time to susceptible infants; and funds to pay for this system of delivery over the next few decades. In 1974, at the time Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was conceived, 5% of infants in the developing world received a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine. At this time, more than 1/3 of infants in the developing countries receive a 3rd dose of DPT or polio vaccine, although only about 20% receive measles vaccine. Progress has been made, but it is not sufficient if the global target is to be realized. Except for measles, the target diseases have been brought under control in most of the European region, and eradication targets have been set for the end of the century. Additionally, there is wide use of vaccines against other diseases of importance to public health including rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, influenza, pneumonococcal and meningococcal infections. Africa has the highest mortality and morbidity rates for the target diseases, yet there has been some progress in EPI. In 1983, 19 countries achieved fully immunized rates of 45-87% of their target population. A priority for the African region is the upgrading of the management skills of the health workers involved in EPI. A major constraint in the region is the need for a good 'cold chain" to ensure that vaccines are stored and transported within the safe temperature range. 26 countries in the American region are considered to have achieved control of paralytic poliomyelitis. Innovative ideas have been used in this region, including the use of national immunization days and revolving funds for bulk purchase of vaccines. In the Southeast Asia region there has been a slow but steady increase in coverage for all antigens except BCG and measles. The major constraints in the Western Pacific region as the other regions are lack of management skills and financial resources. Some progress has been made in the Eastern Mediterranean region despite great variation in socioeconomic status between countries. Alternative strategies for the acceleration of EPI activities are outlined.
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PMID:A global view of immunisation. 382 Jan 51


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