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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reproduction of cold-adapted (ca) strains of influenza virus in the lungs of white mice after separate and combined inoculation and the properties of isolates derived from the infected animals were studied. It was shown that after combined inoculation with ca and ts strains A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) and A/PR/8/59/1 (H1N1) ca recombinants could develop loosing some ts mutations and possessing (unlike the master strains) pneumo-virulence for mice. All the pneumo-virulent reassortants inherited hemagglutinin from the ca A/PR/8/59/1 strain and PB1 protein from the ca A/Leningrad/134/17/57 strain. The results indicate that it is unsafe to construct live recombinant divaccines by combining the recombinants produced from different donors of attenuation.
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PMID:[The effect of amplifying reproduction of influenza virus in mouse lungs during simultaneous infection with two cold-adapted strains]. 260 39

A total of 2,344 prescriptions written for 800 outpatients attending eight peripheral health institutions in Sri Lanka were studied to establish the prescribing trends of Assistant Medical Practitioners (AMPs) and Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPS) who are the chief providers of health care in rural Sri Lanka. Bacterial infections accounted for 30.7% of the morbidity, with viral fever, influenza or the common cold for another 22.6%. Analgesics were the most commonly prescribed class of drugs with antimicrobials second (20% and 15.2% of all prescriptions respectively). Antimicrobials were prescribed for 42.4% of patients. Of all prescriptions 80.4% were judged appropriate (rational), and 98.6% were prescribed in correct dosage. Those considered unnecessary included mixtures, vitamins and antimicrobials. The therapeutic management of three cases of acute emergencies was satisfactory.
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PMID:A study of prescribing in rural Sri Lanka. 262 Mar 76

We have derived a number of transgenic mouse lines which express the human major histocompatibility complex class I gene HLA-A2.1. Two lines carry the complete human HLA-A2.1, the others bear a recombinant gene in which the HLA-A2.1 coding regions are fused to the H-2Kb promoter. Analysis of transgenic spleen cells by immunofluorescence demonstrates that these mouse cells express HLA-A2.1 on their surface in association with mouse beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), confirming that HLA-A2 does not require human beta 2m to be expressed at the cell surface. The cells contain more HLA mRNA than endogenous H-2 class I mRNA. There is also a large pool of non-beta 2m-associated HLA heavy chain inside the cell. In contrast the amount of HLA:beta 2m complex is low. Thus, in transgenic mice HLA-A2 seems to compete poorly with H-2 heavy chains for mouse beta 2m. The HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice do not produce influenza-virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) restricted to the HLA transgene, at least in sufficient numbers to be measured in a direct bulk CTL assay. The dominance of H-2-restricted clones may be the result of quantitative rather than qualitative factors. However, HLA-A2.1 transgenic spleen cells are effective in stimulating an allogeneic CTL response in normal mice. This response is not H-2 restricted. Cold target inhibition studies show that there are at least two populations of CTL, one of which is specific for HLA-A2.1 on mouse cells. This result suggests that at least some allo-CTL are directed against major histocompatibility complex plus "self-peptide".
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PMID:Expression and function of HLA-A2.1 in transgenic mice. 267 61

The effect of NO2 exposure and human susceptibility to respiratory virus infection was investigated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial conducted in an environmentally controlled research chamber over 3 yr. Healthy, nonsmoking, young adult volunteers who were seronegative to influenza A/Korea/82 (H3N2) virus were randomly assigned to breathe either filtered clean air (control group) or NO2 for 2 h/day for 3 consecutive days. The NO2 concentrations were 2 ppm (Year 1), 3 ppm (Year 2), and 1 or 2 ppm (Year 3). Live, attenuated cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Korea/82 reassortant virus was administered intranasally to all subjects immediately after the second exposure. Only one of the 152 volunteers had any symptoms; this person had a low grade fever. Pulmonary function measurements and nonspecific airway reactivity to methacholine were unchanged after NO2 exposure, virus infection, or both. Infection was determined by virus recovery, a fourfold or greater increase in serum or nasal wash influenza-specific antibody titers, or both. The infection rates of the groups were 12/21 (2 ppm NO2) versus 15/23 (clean air) in Year 1, 17/22 (3 ppm NO2) versus 15/21 (clean air) in Year 2, and 20/22 (2 ppm) and 20/22 (1 ppm) versus 15/21 (clean air) in Year 3. Each group exposed to 1 or 2 ppm NO2 in the last year became infected more often (91%) than did the control group (71%), but the differences were not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of nitrogen dioxide exposure on susceptibility to influenza A virus infection in healthy adults. 271 34

Twenty-four infants 5 to 13 months of age were intranasally vaccinated with a live cold-recombinant influenza A/Korea (CR-59, H3N2) virus vaccine. Nineteen infants served as controls. The inocula ranged from 10(3.2) to 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) per infant. Zero of six, one of four, seven of ten, and four of four infants receiving 10(3.2), 10(4.2), 10(5.2), and 10(6.2) TCID50, respectively, were infected by the intranasal vaccine. The amount of virus required to infect 50% of infants was calculated to be 10(4.6) TCID50. The occurrence of fever, respiratory illness, and otitis media was common among both controls and vaccinees in the postinoculation period. Maternal antibody was present in low titers in some infants and did not inhibit replication of the vaccine virus.
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PMID:Evaluation of cold-recombinant influenza A/Korea (CR-59) virus vaccine in infants. 274 99

The IgG subclass responses to cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Queensland/6/72 virus and purified haemagglutinin H3 was assessed in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In BALB/c mice IgG2a was present as the major subclass in serum, lung and salivary secretions after two doses of ca virus. In contrast, the serum response in C57BL/6 mice was predominantly IgG1 after primary and secondary inoculations of ca virus. However, in lung and salivary secretions no specific subclass was dominant. When purified H3 was used as the inoculum, serum responses were dominated by IgG1 in BALB/c mice after two inoculations whereas all four subclasses were present at equal levels in C57BL/6 mice. Overall the lung and salivary responses detected in C57BL/6 mice were lower than those observed in BALB/c mice with all four subclasses contributing equally to the response in BALB/c mice. The neutralizing and haemagglutination inhibition abilities of the four Protein A-Sepharose-purified IgG subclasses differed between the BALB/c, C57BL/6 and CBA/CaH mice strains. IgG1 and IgG2a were most effective in BALB/c mice and in C57BL/6 and CBA/CaH mice, IgG2a and IgG2b. These results are discussed in terms of the differing abilities of replicating and non-replicating virus to stimulate differential responses in mice and the TH1 and TH2 helper cell concept.
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PMID:The immunoglobulin G subclass responses of mice to influenza A virus: the effect of mouse strain, and the neutralizing abilities of individual protein A-purified subclass antibodies. 277 40

The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate in response to measles virus and to generate measles virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was examined in 4 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The lymphoproliferative response to measles virus was obtainable in the 4 SSPE patients. In contrast, the CTL response to measles virus was reduced in 3 of the 4 SSPE patients. This defect appeared to be in the generation of the measles virus-specific CTLs, since measles virus-infected target cells from the patients could be lysed by human leukocyte antigen-matched peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals. The SSPE patients with reduced measles virus CTL response had a normal ability to generate mumps virus, influenza virus, or alloantigen-specific CTLs. The lysis of measles virus-infected targets that was observed with these SSPE patients could be reduced by depleting the effectors of natural killer cells or by performing cold target blocking with K562 cells, indicating that the lysis of the measles virus-infected targets was probably mediated by natural killer cells. These results demonstrate a reduction in the cell-mediated immune response to measles virus as measured by the generation of measles virus-specific CTLs in 3 of the 4 SSPE patients studied. This defect could relate to the persistence of measles virus in these patients.
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PMID:Impaired human leukocyte antigen-restricted measles virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell response in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. 278 68

The temperature sensitivity, level of attenuation, and phenotypic stability of an influenza B/Texas/1/84 X B/Ann Arbor/1/66 cold-adapted (ca) reassortant virus that received the RNA segments that encode the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins from the B/Texas/84 wild-type virus and the remaining six RNA segments from the B/Ann Arbor/66 ca donor virus were evaluated. In comparison to wild-type virus, the ca reassortant was restricted in replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hamsters and chimpanzees. This clearly demonstrated that the six transferable RNA segments of the B/Ann Arbor/66 ca donor virus specify the attenuation phenotype for animals with a 37 degrees C core body temperature. In addition, the ca virus retained the temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype after replication in hamsters and chimpanzees. To further evaluate its phenotypic stability, the ca reassortant virus was isolated after 6-15 d of replication in hamsters that were immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, and the isolates were tested for their temperature sensitivity in vitro and for their level of replication in immunocompetent hamsters. The isolated viruses retained their ts and attenuation phenotypes even after prolonged replication in vivo. Thus, the B/Ann Arbor/66 ca donor virus can transfer the desired properties of attenuation and phenotype stability to its reassortants. The findings support the continued evaluation of ca reassortant influenza B virus vaccines in humans, including fully susceptible children.
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PMID:Attenuation and phenotypic stability of influenza B/Texas/1/84 cold-adapted reassortant virus: studies in hamsters and chimpanzees. 279 57

In the presence of [3H]-nucleosides the high-labeled viral [3H]-RNAs are shown to be sorted out and not included into maturing viral particles in the cells infected by influenza virus. Finding of the "sorting out" mechanism came to be possible due to storing cells in the cold for a long time and thus permitting to accumulate [3H]-decays under the conditions of temporary interruption of infectious process. Most probably, the high-labeled [3H]-RNAs are not included into the maturing viral particles due to their radiolytic damages. The "sorting out" of high-labeled viral RNAs is evidently compensated by comparatively low-labeled RNAs from the redundant intracellular pool of v-RNAs.
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PMID:[Intracellular "sorting" of highly marked (3H)-v-RNA during maturation of influenza virus]. 281 10

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-specific T-lymphocyte clones were established from MHV-infected BALB/c mice. They expressed Thy1 and Lyt2 antigens but lacked L3T4 and NK1 antigens. The clones killed MHV-infected but not uninfected or influenza virus-infected J774.1 cells. The specificity was further defined by a cold-target competition test.
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PMID:Establishment of cytotoxic T-cell clones specific for cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus. 283 29


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