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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to examine self-care behaviors that older adults use to manage cold and influenza episodes. Interviews were conducted with 160 adults aged 65 to 94. A large number and a variety of cold- and influenza-related self-care actions were reported. Medication administration was found to be common for colds (79% of subjects) and influenza (95%). Subjects reported more illness-specific preventive behaviors for influenza than for colds. Influenza vaccination behavior was related to experiences with vaccination-associated illness, health state, and talking with physicians about vaccination. Few subjects identified potential hazards associated with influenza or colds.
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PMID:Self-care actions taken by older adults for influenza and colds. 203 Sep 98

In a double-blind, randomized trial, 102 healthy elderly subjects were inoculated with one of four preparations: (i) intranasal bivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine containing cold-adapted A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) and cold-adapted A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) viruses; (ii) parenteral trivalent inactivated subvirion vaccine containing A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1), A/Leningrad/86 (H3N2), and B/Ann Arbor/86 antigens; (iii) both vaccines; or (iv) placebo. To determine whether local or systemic immunization augmented mucosal immunologic memory, all volunteers were challenged intranasally 12 weeks later with the inactivated virus vaccine. We used a hemagglutination inhibition assay to measure antibodies in sera and a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in sera and nasal washes, respectively. In comparison with the live virus vaccine, the inactivated virus vaccine elicited higher and more frequent rises of serum antibodies, while nasal wash antibody responses were similar. The vaccine combination induced serum and local antibodies slightly more often than the inactivated vaccine alone did. Coadministration of live influenza A virus vaccine did not alter the serum antibody response to the influenza B virus component of the inactivated vaccine. The anamnestic nasal antibody response elicited by intranasal inactivated virus challenge did not differ in the live, inactivated, or combined vaccine groups from that observed in the placebo group not previously immunized. These results suggest that in elderly persons cold-adapted influenza A virus vaccines offer little advantage over inactivated virus vaccines in terms of inducing serum or secretory antibody or local immunological memory. Studies are needed to determine whether both vaccines in combination are more efficacious than inactivated vaccine alone in people in this age group.
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PMID:In elderly persons live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines do not offer an advantage over inactivated virus vaccine in inducing serum or secretory antibodies or local immunologic memory. 203 67

The association between the frequency of manifest infectious diseases and cancer risk was investigated in a case-control study at Heidelberg, FRG. A total of 255 cases with carcinomas of the stomach, colon, rectum, breast, and ovary, as well as 255 population controls and 230 hospital controls were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Controls were matched to the cases for age, sex, and region of residence at the time of the interview. A history of common colds or gastroenteric influenza prior to the interview was found to be associated with a decreased cancer risk. Thus the odds ratios for "three or more common colds per year (on average)" versus "no common cold within the last 5 years prior to the interview" were 0.18 (95% CI = 0.05-0.69) and 0.23 (95% CI = 0.06-0.89) relative to population controls and hospital controls, respectively. There was no apparent relationship between childhood infections or other diseases reported in the earlier history, and cancer risk. While the findings are supported by previous studies and fit well into the results of other fields of cancer research, a conclusive interpretation and biological explanation cannot yet be given.
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PMID:Common infections in the history of cancer patients and controls. 206 54

Sore throats are most commonly due to infections, many of which are viral and do not require specific treatment. Symptoms and signs of the common cold, influenza or croup, the occurrence of conjunctivitis in some adenoviral infections, generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in glandular fever or the presence of vesicles characteristic of herpangina (Coxsackie A virus) or of herpes simplex infection, occasionally enable a clinical diagnosis and avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. In the case of treatable conditions a typical membrane may suggest diphtheria, a scarlatiniform rash infection due to Streptococcus pyogenes or to Corynebacterium haemolyticum, and a cherry-red epiglottis Haemophilus influenzae type b. Associated atypical pneumonia suggests infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pharyngitis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae may be accompanied by infection at other sites or by other sexually transmitted diseases. Candidal infection, in the appropriate clinical circumstance, should suggest HIV infection. Surgical drainage is required in the case of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscess. Noninfectious cases of sore throat, e.g. thyroiditis, are relatively uncommon considerations in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile pharyngitis. The most common problem is to recognise streptococcal pharyngitis, which requires antibiotic treatment for 10 days to avoid the risk of rheumatic fever.
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PMID:The sore throat. When to investigate and when to prescribe. 207

Disclosures that this decade has had the five hottest years ever recorded globally raise concern that extreme temperatures might be associated with higher mortality. An analysis of fluctuations in annual case-specific deaths, seasonal temperatures, and annual income per capita in Massachusetts, Michigan, Washington, Utah, North Carolina, and Mississippi, 1930 to 1985, suggests that, on the contrary, a temperature increase throughout the year was associated with fewer deaths from all causes combined, including deaths from infectious diseases, heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, pneumonia, and influenza. An average temperature increase of one degree Fahrenheit was associated with a more than 2 per cent decline in deaths from pneumonia and influenza. The only category of deaths showing no significant association was death from malignant neoplasms. Compared to spring, summer, and fall temperature fluctuations, unusually cold winter temperatures had the strongest fatal effects, but only in North Carolina and Mississippi. The greatest cumulative temperature effects on mortality were found in the same two states. Controlling for annual fluctuations in income per capita did not influence the relationship between temperature and mortality. There was evidence suggesting that the level of wealth ameliorated the fatal effects of extreme temperatures. In conclusion, unusually warm weather was followed by fewer deaths; unusually cold weather, by more deaths.
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PMID:Short-term fluctuations in death by cause, temperature, and income in the United States, 1930-1985. 209 31

During 9 months (from January 1988 to September 1988), we experienced 82 patients (94 episodes) of respiratory infections with Branhamella catarrhalis in 5 different hospitals. There were 11 patients of acute bronchitis, 8 patients of pneumonia, 56 patients of chronic bronchitis (68 episodes), 3 patients of bronchiectasis, 3 patients of bronchial asthma with infection and chronic pulmonary emphysema in one patient. Ten cases of acute bronchitis and 3 cases of pneumonia had a recent history of common cold, with no underlying disease. There were 68 episodes of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, the highest among 94 episodes of all respiratory infection. In chronic bronchitis the single pathogen B. catarrhalis was more than B. catarrhalis associated with other pathogens. H. influenza was associated with B. catarrhalis in in most cases of polymicrobial infection. beta-lactamase producing B. catarrhalis was 71% and oral penicillin was not effective in 8 cases of infection by beta-lactamase producing strains. These results show that B. catarrhalis is very important as a common pathogen of respiratory infection.
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PMID:[Respiratory infections caused by Branhamella catarrhalis in 5 different hospitals]. 212 Apr 97

We studied anti-influenza cytotoxicity by bulk peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (PBL) cultures derived from older, chronically ill volunteers undergoing vaccination. Vaccinees received either cold-recombinant, live-attenuated influenza A/Korea/1/82 (H3N2) virus intranasally or inactivated monovalent influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) subvirion vaccine intramuscularly. PBL were collected pre- and postvaccination and in vitro stimulated by autologous PBL infected with influenza A virus homologous and heterosubtypic to the respective vaccine strain. Cytotoxicity was measured against influenza A virus-infected autologous and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched PBL targets infected with influenza A virus homologous or heterosubtypic to the vaccine virus strain. Vaccinees infected with the live-attenuated virus developed significant rises in mean anti-influenza, HLA-restricted cytotoxicity that was cross-reactive against influenza A viruses homologous and heterosubtypic to the vaccine virus. The enhanced cross-reactive cytotoxicity was inducible postvaccination by in vitro stimulation with autologous PBL infected with the homologous influenza A (H3N2) virus and with influenza A (H1N1) virus. In contrast, after vaccination with inactivated monovalent subvirion vaccine, volunteers developed significant increases in mean anti-influenza, HLA-restricted cytotoxicity only against autologous PBL infected with homologous influenza A (H1N1) virus. Increased cytotoxicity occurred only after in vitro stimulation with autologous cells infected with homologous influenza A (H1N1) virus. Mean gamma interferon levels in supernatant fluids of influenza A virus-stimulated effector PBL did not increase postvaccination, despite increased levels of anti-influenza cytotoxicity displayed by the effector cells. We conclude that the live-attenuated influenza A virus infection induced a broader range of enhanced anti-influenza cytotoxicity than did the inactivated subvirion vaccine.
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PMID:Enhancement of anti-influenza A virus cytotoxicity following influenza A virus vaccination in older, chronically ill adults. 212 86

A procedure employing streptolysin O to effect the selective permeabilization of either the apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains of MDCK cell monolayers grown on a filter support was developed which permeabilizes the entire monolayer, leaves the opposite cell surface domain intact, and does not abolish the integrity of the tight junctions. This procedure renders the cell interior accessible to exogenous macromolecules and impermeant reagents, permitting the examination of their effects on membrane protein transport to the intact surface. The last stages of the transport of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) to the apical surface were studied in pulse-labeled, virus-infected MDCK cells that were incubated at 19.5 degrees C for 90 min to accumulate newly synthesized HA in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), before raising the temperature to 35 degrees C to allow synchronized transport to the plasma membrane. In cells permeabilized immediately after the cold block, 50% of the intracellular HA molecules were subsequently delivered to the apical surface. This transport was dependent on the presence of an exogenous ATP supply and was markedly inhibited by the addition of GTP-gamma-S at the time of permeabilization. On the other hand, the GTP analogue had no effect when it was added to cells that, after the cold block, were incubated for 15 min at 35 degrees C before permeabilization, even though at this time most HA molecules were still intracellular and their appearance at the cell surface was largely dependent on exogenous ATP. These findings indicate that GTP-binding proteins are involved in the constitutive process that effects vesicular transport from the TGN to the plasma membrane and that they are charged early in this process. Transport of HA to the cell surface could be made dependent on the addition of exogenous cytosol when, after permeabilization, cells were washed to remove endogenous cytosolic components. This opens the way towards the identification of cell components that mediate the sorting of apical and basolateral membrane components in the TGN and their polarized delivery to the cell surface.
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PMID:Transport of influenza HA from the trans-Golgi network to the apical surface of MDCK cells permeabilized in their basolateral plasma membranes: energy dependence and involvement of GTP-binding proteins. 212 1

Previously a spontaneous 36 nucleotide deletion in the coding region of NS1 was detected in the NS gene of a reassortant virus (CR43-3) recovered from a dual infection by the influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) mutant and wild-type (wt) influenza A/Alaska/6/77 (H3N2). The hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and NS genes were derived from the wild type virus parent while the other 5 genes were derived from the ca parent. The CR43-3 reassortant virus exhibited: (i) a host range (hr) phenotype, i.e. the reassortant replicated efficiently in avian cells in tissue culture but failed to grow in mammalian (MDCK) cell culture and (ii) an attenuation (att) phenotype, i.e., the reassortant was restricted in replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract of ferrets and hamsters. Since the CR43-3 reassortant possessed 5 genes from the ca parent which are each known to contain one or more mutations, it was not possible to assign the hr and att phenotypes solely to the NS deletion mutant gene. In order to determine the phenotype(s) specified solely by the mutant NS gene, it was transferred into a reassortant virus (143-1) which derived its seven other genes from the homologous wild type A/Alaska/6/77 virus. The deletion mutant NS gene specified only a partial hr phenotype manifested by a reduction in plaque size in MDCK tissue, but not a reduction in plaque number. Thus, the complete hr manifested by the CR43-3 parent virus is specified by the mutant NS1 gene acting in concert with one or more genes derived from the ca virus. The clone 143-1 virus exhibited the ts phenotype and was restricted in plaque formation at 37 degrees C in MDCK cells, a level of temperature sensitivity previously shown with other ts mutants to correlate with significant restriction of viral replication in the lower respiratory tract of hamsters. However, the clone 143-1 virus grew almost as well as the wt virus in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hamsters and chimpanzees and thus did not possess the att phenotype. The finding that the ts phenotype was not manifest in vivo in animals with a 37 degrees C core temperature indicates that the mutated NS1 gene specifies a host dependent ts phenotype with replication restricted in vitro (MDCK tissue culture) at 37 degrees C but not in vivo in the lungs of hamsters and chimpanzees. ts+ virus was readily recovered from infected hamsters and chimpanzees indicating that the ts phenotype specified by the 36-base deletion was not stable following replication in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A 36 nucleotide deletion mutation in the coding region of the NS1 gene of an influenza A virus RNA segment 8 specifies a temperature-dependent host range phenotype. 213 96

Healthy susceptible young adults were inoculated intranasally with increasing doses of wild-type influenza B/Texas/1/84, or the cold-adapted vaccine possessing the genes specifying the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the wild-type parent and the six internal genes of cold adapted B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (CRB 87). Most volunteers inoculated with 10(6.6)-10(7.6) TCID50 of CRB 87 were infected, but a high frequency of serum antibody responses was seen only at the highest dose (17/29; 59%). The dose of CRB 87 necessary to infect 50% of all human volunteers (1 HID50) was approximately 10(5.4) TCID50. All volunteers given 10(3.9)-10(7.1) TCID50 of the wild-type virus were infected (i.e., 1 HID50 was less than 10(3.9) TCID50). The frequency of mild febrile reactions, mean peak titer of virus in respiratory secretions, and duration of virus shedding were significantly greater in volunteers given 10(7.1) TCID50 of wild-type virus than in those given 10(7.6) TCID50 of CRB 87. Thirteen volunteers were rechallenged with a second 10(7.6) TCID50 dose of CRB 87 3-4 months after vaccination. The frequencies of mild upper respiratory symptoms and signs, virus shedding, and infection were significantly reduced in prior vaccinees compared with volunteers inoculated with a similar dose for the first time. These data suggest that CRB 87 is attenuated, immunogenic, and can confer protection against homotypic virus challenge in this susceptible population.
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PMID:Cold recombinant influenza B/Texas/1/84 vaccine virus (CRB 87): attenuation, immunogenicity, and efficacy against homotypic challenge. 215 85


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