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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the decline in concentrations of suspended particulate pollution in Greater London the association seen in the 1950s and early 1960s between daily mortality and air pollution in the conurbation is no longer apparent. Associations between unusually cold weather and short-term increases in mortality have been noted; there appears to be a tendency for influenza epidemics to follow cold spells.
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PMID:Daily mortality and environment in English conurbations. Air pollution, low temperature, and influenza in Greater London. 85 96

A high sensitivity of influenza virus to replication at a high temperature and a reduction of the temperature optimum of the neuraminidase activity are important genetic markers correlating with the degree of attenuation for the man. Cold-adapted variants of influenza virus produced in the course of passages at a low (25-28 degrees C) temperature are thermo-sensitive. The passage of the viruses at the optimal temperature (32 degrees C) does not change the range of thermal sensitivity even in variants, harmless for adult persons. The interfering activity of influenza viruses with different levels of human virulence was studied. A considerable portion of the examined cold-adapted strains differs from the original virulent strains in the capacity to interfere with the challenge virus in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture. However some thermosensitive variants as well as original strains do not react in interference tests. This indicates the lack of complete correlation between the interfering activity, thermal sensitivity and human virulence of influenza virus.
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PMID:[Differentiating markers of virulent and attenuated (cold-adapted) strains of influenza A virus]. 89 93

In investigating the stress effects of chilling (2-3 degrees C) and hypothermia (2-3 degrees C drop in body core temperature mediated by exposure to hyperbaric helium-oxygen atmosphere) on mouse resistance to "influenza," it was noted that these stresses adversely affected the course of pulmonary infection produced by aerosols of the NWS strain of influenza virus. Comparatively, respiratory LD50 values for control animals were about 25 virus plaque-forming units (PFU) with median mortality occurring on day 13. The LD50 values for mice chilled at 2-3 degrees C were about 15 PFU with median mortality on day 7, and for mice exposed to hyperbaric helium, about 12 PFU with median mortality on day 6. Cold or hyperbaric stress impaired interferon production. Impairment was observed at 24 h but not at 12 h post-challenge and persisted for several days until mice became moribund.
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PMID:Influence of cold or hyperbaric helium-oxygen environments on mouse response to a respiratory viral infection. 97 Nov 54

57 cases of common cold, influenza, acute tonsillitis and acute bronchitis were treated by rapid needling with filiform needles at Dazhui (Du 14), Fengchi (GB 13), and Quchi (LI 11). The indices for observation were first determined, and the 19 cases that manifested an axilla temperature drop of over 1 degree C after treatment and a ratio of < 0.3 of the main symptom scores after treatment were regarded as markedly effective; the 27 cases that manifested an axilla temperature drop of 0.5-1.0 degree C and a symptom score ratio of 0.3-0.6 were regarded as effective, and the 11 cases that manifested an axilla temperature drop of < 0.5 degrees C and a symptom score ratio of > 0.7 were regarded as failures. The total effective rate was 80.7%. Analysis of the individual patients indicated that the peripheral blood leucocyte and lymphocyte counts differed insignificantly after needling, while the body temperature, rate of respiration, pulse, blood pressure and acupoint temperature all dropped, with a simultaneous increase in the percentage of T-lymphocytes. The immediate effects were especially marked in fevers due to exogenous wind and cold.
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PMID:Treatment of fever due to exopathic wind-cold by rapid acupuncture. 129 18

Influenza virus infections continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality with a worldwide social and economic impact. The past five years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of viral replication, evolution, and antigenic variation. Genetic analyses have clarified relationships between human and animal influenza virus strains, demonstrating the potential for the appearance of new pandemic reassortants as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes are exchanged in an intermediate host. Clinical trials of candidate live attenuated influenza virus vaccines have shown the cold-adapted reassortants to be a promising alternative to the currently available inactivated virus preparations. Modern molecular techniques have allowed serious consideration of new approaches to the development of antiviral agents and vaccines as the functions of the viral genes and proteins are further elucidated. The development of techniques whereby the genes of influenza viruses can be specifically altered to investigate those functions will undoubtedly accelerate the pace at which our knowledge expands.
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PMID:New aspects of influenza viruses. 131 Apr 39

2,979 sera were collected from slaughtered swine in two geographic areas of Spain from 1987 to 1989. They were tested for antibodies against an H1N1- and H3N2-influenza virus by haemagglutination-inhibition tests (HI). The percentage of positive sera was higher in area I (78%-69.2%) than in area II (63.1%-60.4%) for both viruses respectively. The coexistence of high titres to both H1N1- and H3N2-influenza virus became apparent in cold months simultaneously in each area, although influenza viruses circulated in the Spanish swine population for two years. Also this study suggests the possible circulation of A/Texas/1/77-like strains in Spain, results which have not been reported before.
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PMID:Influenza A viruses: epidemiologic study in fatteners in Spain (1987-89). 132 Mar 10

The accepted concept that cold symptoms are usually caused by destruction of the nasal epithelium by virus and that epithelial damage may led to secondary bacterial infection is not supported by this work. Although influenza and adenovirus may destroy the epithelium, no destruction of the nasal epithelium was detected either in vivo during natural or rhinovirus cold on in-vitro in nasal epithelial organ cultures. Infiltration of the nasal mucosa with neutrophils early in the cold does not indicate bacterial infection but may be a direct result of the viral infection. Purulent nasal secretions, which are common in uncomplicated colds, were not accompanied by discernible changes in the aerobic bacterial flora. The nasopharynx may be an important area for further exploration in the study of the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection since it is a site to which mucus containing virus from the entire nasal mucosa is brought. A prominent feature of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall in both children and adults is a mass of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (adenoid or nasopharyngeal tonsils). Preliminary data has suggested that the epithelium overlying the lymphoid tissue expresses ICAM-1 receptors in the normal state, whereas the nasal epithelium does not. This is interesting since the majority of rhinovirus serotypes gain entrance to human cells by this receptor. Symptoms in a rhinovirus cold could result from release of inflammatory and/or neuromediators from the adenoid. Recently, Naclerio et al (8) have demonstrated that kinins and an increased number of neutrophils in nasal secretions correlate with occurrence of symptoms in volunteers with rhinovirus colds.
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PMID:Fireside conference 11. Common cold. 132 17

In the present study, we explored the specific requirements for lysis of human activated T cells by CD4+ CTLs. This was achieved by using human CD4+ T cell lines or clones specific for a peptidic fragment of influenza virus as both CTL effectors and target T cells (TTCs). Our results further establish that human activated T cells expressing HLA-DR molecules can present Ag to and be lysed by CD4+ HLA-DR restricted CTLs. This killing is Ag specific and HLA-DR restricted. It can be observed whether TTCs are heterologous or autologous, CD4+ or CD8+. However, we find that in our model: (a) TTCs are able to present artificially processed peptidic fragments of Ag, but not the corresponding natural Ag in the context of class II determinants, even if they can process whole virus in the context of class I determinants; (b) TTCs must express high density of HLA-DR molecules on their membrane; (c) preincubation of TTCs with high concentrations of peptide is required; and (d) interestingly enough, addition of free peptide at similar concentration during the cytolytic assay to replace TTC preincubation inhibits TTC lysis by at least two different mechanisms, i.e., cold-target inhibition in which CTLs serve as their own cold targets and inhibition at the effector cell level. From these results, one can conclude that stringent conditions are required for lysis of activated T cells by class-II-restricted CTLs.
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PMID:Requirements for lysis of activated T cells by class-II-restricted cytolytic T-lymphocytes. 136

A cold-adapted (ca) influenza B reassortant virus vaccine that contained the six internal RNA segments from influenza B/Ann Arbor/1/66 ca virus and the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes from wild-type influenza B/Texas/1/84 virus was evaluated in children ranging in age from 8 months to 14 years. The children were vaccinated intranasally with doses ranging from 10(3.2) to 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50). Thirty children were seropositive, and 26 were seronegative. Thirty-three children participated as unvaccinated controls. The vaccine was well tolerated by both seronegative and seropositive children. The amount of virus required to infect 50% of seronegative children was approximately 10(4.5) TCID50. Vaccine viruses recovered from airway secretions retained temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted characteristics. The results of this study indicate that the vaccine virus, influenza B/Texas/84 ca reassortant virus, is attenuated, immunogenic, and phenotypically stable when given to young seronegative children.
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PMID:Evaluation of a cold-adapted influenza B/Texas/84 reassortant virus (CRB-87) vaccine in young children. 140 Sep 85

This paper provides an appraisal of the results published from the MRC Common Cold Unit on human performance efficiency during minor upper respiratory tract infection, i.e., colds and influenza. Despite strict controls employed in the methods of data collection, the robustness of the results and some of the conclusions drawn are questioned. In particular, the claim that colds and influenza lead to selective (and different) effects is criticised as being based on incomplete data. The lack of replication, the small sample sizes, possible response biases and use of controls are considered. Overall, it is argued that there are insufficient data to provide conclusive evidence for selective effects and that over-generalisation from such studies can be misleading.
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PMID:Selective effects of colds and influenza on human performance efficiency: a critical appraisal. 140 81


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