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Query: UMLS:C0009443 (cold)
 92,137 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In March 1978 an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) occurred in Malta. The disease spread rapidly and by April 13, ASF had been found on 304 premises involving 25,100 pigs. A census carried out on April 15/16 showed that there were at least 1440 premises containing 70,700 pigs on the island. A slaughter policy was implemented and depopulation of known infected premises started on April 15. Pigs which appeared normal on these premises were stored in freezers for subsequent processing for human consumption and by the end of June more than 4500 carcases were in cold store. The most consistent clinical signs were fever, anorexia and reluctance to move. Haemorrhagic lymph nodes and petechial haemorrhages in the kidneys were the predominant macroscopic lesions. A serum survey, using the immunoelectroosmophoresis technique, was carried out on 2409 sera from 200 farms collected at the Government abattoir during a four-week period. Of these sera, 308 (12.8 per cent) from 65 (32.5 per cent) of the farms contained antibodies to ASF virus. By August the original pig population had been reduced to one-third and a second census taken on August 15/16 showed that a total of 501 owners and 13,975 pigs remained. The decision was taken to slaughter all the remaining pigs and by the end of January 1979 there were no pigs in Malta. The outbreak cost an estimated 5 million pounds and provided the first occasion when any country had slaughtered all members of a species of domestic animal in order to eliminate a disease.
Vet Rec 1980 Feb 02
PMID:African swine fever in Malta, 1978. 736 7

An unusual increase in cases of nutritional myopathy in sheep hoggs occurred in the spring of 1979 in the Scottish Borders. The usual overwinter diet for the area was turnips supplemented by home grown cereal, which is grossly deficient in selenium and vitamin E. This year the deficiency was further compounded by a cold wet winter, high stocking densities and certain management procedures, which probably caused the sudden upsurge of cases of myopathy.
Vet Rec 1980 Jul 19
PMID:Nutritional myopathy in feeding hoggs. 744 66

A case of bicipital bursitis in a six-year-old mare is described. The horse was presented with acute lameness, pyrexia and hot swelling over the right shoulder region. Although antibiotic treatment relieved these signs, a firm cold swelling remained which had to be removed by surgical resection and drainage.
Vet Rec 1980 Oct 04
PMID:Bicipital bursitis in a mare. 746 91

An investigation was carried out on 504 BUT 8 female poults to identify the optimum technique and age for beak trimming breeding turkeys, which have to be kept at relatively high light intensities and are thus at serious risk of cannibalism. Different groups of birds were subjected to electronic trimming (Bio-beaking) at one day old, cold cutting (with secateurs) at six days or at 21 days, or hot cutting (with a cautery iron) at six days or 21 days old. The behaviour, production traits, feather damage, injuries and mortality of the birds were measured up to 12 weeks old. None of the methods had much effect on the behaviour or production traits, other than relatively minor reductions in beak-related activities such as pecking other birds and preening, and short term depressions of food intake and bodyweight gain, and improvements in food conversion ratio. All the beak-trimming techniques resulted in marked reductions in mortality (controls 8.7 per cent, trimmed 1.6 per cent), in injuries due to cannibalism (controls 68.1/100 birds, trimmed 9.8/100 birds) and in the scores of feather damage caused by pecking (controls 1.05, trimmed 0.29). The adverse effects of beak trimming were minor and short-lived, and were clearly outweighed by the benefits in reducing cannibalism. Of the different methods, trimming with a hot blade is not recommended. Electronic trimming appeared to offer the most benefits and caused little apparent distress, but can be hazardous in unskilled hands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vet Rec 1995 Mar 18
PMID:An experimental investigation of the costs and benefits of beak trimming in turkeys. 779 20

In Bangladesh an evaluation of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was conducted in February 1993. Data, including immunization coverage based on random surveys, were collected from all 4 divisions, 8 rural districts, 25 sub-districts (thanas) and from the cities of Dhaka and Chittagong. The Review Team assessed and made several recommendations concerning immunization coverage, surveillance for the EPI target diseases, immunization in urban areas, the cold chain and logistics, training, communication and social mobilization, other primary health care (PHC) interventions, vaccine supply, and the sustainability of EPI achievements. The population of Bangladesh is 110 million, with an estimated 3.6 million newborns during 1993. More than 90% of the 108,000 routine monthly immunization services are being conducted as scheduled. Nationally, among children 0-11 months of age, BCG coverage is 89%, as measured by evaluation surveys, coverage with 3 doses of diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT3) and oral polio vaccine (OPV3) is 63%, and measles coverage is 59%. Coverage with a second dose of tetanus toxoid (TT2) for pregnant women is 80%. In urban areas, BCG coverage for infants is 92%, DPT3/OPV3 76%, measles 68%, and TT2 for pregnant women 82%. In 2/3 of the sites visited, immunization was combined with vitamin A supplementation, oral rehydration treatment, or family planning. The coverage for both BCG and DPT3/OPV3 increased from only 2% in 1985 to almost 90% of infants having BCG immunization services in 1992. Yet only 50% of children are reached before their first birthday, and at least 20% of newborns are not protected against neonatal tetanus at birth. DPT1 and DPT3 drop-out is 29% nationally and 17% in urban areas. In 1992, an estimated 117,000 cases of neonatal tetanus and 6700 cases of poliomyelitis were prevented by immunization. Surveys of neonatal tetanus in selected districts have confirmed a reduction in incidence from 40/1000 live births in 1986 to 10/1000 in 1991.
Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Mar 25
PMID:Expanded programme on immunization. Programme review. 800 3

Serum calcium concentrations were determined in 164 cases of milk fever (mostly Jersey cows) attended in the course of practice in a cold, wet winter rainfall area where the cows calved at pasture. The mean calcium concentration of the cows receiving no calcium therapy subcutaneously before sampling (1.0 mmol/litre) was significantly (P < 0.01) less than the mean of 1.4 mmol/litre for cows receiving 300 ml of 33.3 or 40 per cent calcium borogluconate solution, which was significantly (P < 0.01) less than the mean of 2.1 mmol/litre for those receiving 600 ml subcutaneously. Neither the rectal temperature of the cows nor the average time interval between the injection of the two bottles and blood sampling had any effect on the serum calcium of the latter cows, whereas the rectal temperature but not the time interval had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on the serum calcium of the cows receiving 300 ml; the lower their temperature, the lower the calcium concentration. The mean (+/- sd) interval between treatment by the herdsman and veterinary attention for the cows receiving 300 ml (4.8 +/- 4.9 hours was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than for the cows receiving 600 ml (12.0 +/- 9.4 hours). At the time of sampling, 48 per cent of the cows receiving 600 ml of calcium borogluconate solution had a serum calcium concentration below 2.0 mmol/litre.
Vet Rec 1994 Apr 23
PMID:Limitations to the effectiveness of subcutaneous calcium solutions as a treatment for cows with milk fever. 804 17

The effect of low-energy laser (He-Ne) irradiation on the process of skeletal muscle regeneration after cold injury to the gastrocnemius muscle of the toad (Bufo viridis) was studied using quantitative histological and morphometric methods. The injured zones in the experimental toads were subjected to five direct He-Ne laser (632.8 nm wavelength) irradiations (6.0 mW for 2.3 min) every alternate day starting on the fourth day postinjury. Muscles that were injured as above, and subjected to red-light irradiation, served as a control group. Morphometric analysis was performed on histological sections of injured areas at 9, 14, and 30 days postinjury. At 9 days postinjury, mononucleated cells populated 69.3% +/- 16.8% of the total area of injury. Thereafter, their volume fraction (percent of total injured zone) decreased gradually but more rapidly in the laser-irradiated muscle than in the control. The volume fraction of the myotubes in the laser-irradiated muscles at 9 days of muscle regeneration was significantly higher (7.0% +/- 2.2%) than in the control muscle (1.2% +/- 0.4%). Young myofibers in the laser-irradiated muscles populated 15.5% +/- 7.9% and 65.0% +/- 9.5% of the injured area at 9 and 14 days of muscle regeneration, respectively, while in control muscles these structures were not evident at 9 days and made up only 5.3% +/- 2.9% of the traumatized area at 14 days postinjury. The volume fraction of the young myofibers further increased by 30 days of muscle regeneration making up 75.7% +/- 13.2% of the traumatized area, while in the laser-irradiated muscles most of the injured zone was filled with mature muscle fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anat Rec 1993 Mar
PMID:Promotion of muscle regeneration in the toad (Bufo viridis) gastrocnemius muscle by low-energy laser irradiation. 843 Sep 7

Human scalp hair is important as a diagnostic clue to many diseases, in medical jurisprudential investigations, and also as a subject of cosmetic treatments. While many ultrastructural studies of the human hair root including the hair follicle have been reported, few studies have been done on the human hair shaft. We report here the ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts prepared by a rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation that allows the observation of fine cell structures. Healthy scalp hair shafts from Japanese females 12-13 years of age were rapid-frozen and then freeze-substituted in OsO4-acetone. In addition, this technique was applied to the study of some changes of the hair shafts (i.e., hair damaged by thioglycolic acid cold permanent waving and white hair). By this method, the hair shaft was rapid-frozen throughout without appreciable ice damage although the hair shaft was nearly 100 microm in diameter. The rapid-freezing technique resulted in excellent preservation of the ultrastructure of the hair shafts: lamellar structures in the cuticle and fine fibrous ultrastructures in the cortex were observed without chemical treatments. Thioglycolic acid treatment affected the ultrastructure of both the cuticle and the cortex. Except for the absence of melanin granules, no significant differences in the ultrastructure were observed between white hair and black hair. The rapid-freezing technique followed by freeze-substitution fixation appears to be the most reliable approach for the morphological evaluation of fully keratinized cells and tissues.
Anat Rec 1998 07
PMID:Ultrastructure of human scalp hair shafts as revealed by freeze-substitution fixation. 966 69

Showering pigs with cold water during preslaughter lairage is thought to be useful in reducing the body temperature of hot, easily stressed animals. However, showering when the ambient temperature is too low could chill them too severely. To assess the effects of showering and to determine a temperature below which pigs should not be showered, pigs from one source, passing through a commercial slaughterhouse lairage, were split into two groups of approximately 50 each, showered and unshowered, on 10 days with a range of ambient temperatures. The pigs' behaviour and any damage to their skin were recorded, various measures of body temperature were taken before and after showering, and blood taken at slaughter was analysed for plasma creatine kinase, cortisol and lactate. Showering prevented the usual reduction in activity observed in pigs in lairage at high ambient temperatures. On the basis of the reduction in their flank temperature during showering, it is recommended that pigs should not be showered continuously if the temperature inside or outside the lairage falls below 5 degrees C, and showering should cease if they are seen to be shivering.
Vet Rec 1998 Nov 21
PMID:Ambient temperature below which pigs should not be continuously showered in lairage. 985 68

Early graft dysfunction after lung transplantation is a significant and unpredictable problem. Our study aimed at a detailed investigation of structure-function correlations in a rat isolated heart-lung model ofischemia/ reperfusion injury. Variable degrees of injury were induced by preservation with potassium-modified Euro-Collins solutions, 2 hr of cold ischemia, and 40 min of reperfusion. Pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and perfusate gases (deltaPO2, deltaPCO2) were recorded during reperfusion. Right lungs were used to calculate W/D-weight ratios. Nineteen experimental and six control left lungs were fixed for light and electron microscopy by vascular perfusion. Systematic random samples were analyzed by stereology to determine absolute and relative volumes of lung structures, the amount of interstitial and intraalveolar edema, and the extent of epithelial injury. Lectin- and immunohistochemistry using established epithelial cell markers were performed in three animals per group to reveal sites of severe focal damage. Experimental lungs showed a wide range in severity of ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Intraalveolar edema fluid amounted to 77-909 mm3 with a mean of 448+/-250 mm3 as compared with 22+/-22 mm3 in control lungs (P<0.001). Perfusate oxygenation (deltaPO2) decreased from 30.5+/-15.2 to 21.7+/-15.2 mm Hg (P=0.05) recorded after 5 and 40 minutes of reperfusion. In experimental lungs, a surface fraction of 1% to 58% of total type I pneumocyte surface was damaged. Intraalveolar edema per gas exchange region (Vv ape,P) and deltaPO2 were related according to deltaPO2 = 96 - 60 x log10(Vv ape,P) [mm Hg]. The extent of epithelial injury did not correlate with deltaPO2 nor with intraalveolar edema, but increased significantly with PVR. Lectin- and immunohistochemistry revealed focal severe damage to the alveolar epithelium at the border of perivascular cuffs.
Anat Rec 1999 05 01
PMID:Pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion injury: a quantitative study of structure and function in isolated heart-lungs of the rat. 1032 96


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