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Query: UMLS:C0009402 (colorectal cancer)
 53,228 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The literature on the role of chlorine treatment of flour for use in high-ratio cake production is discussed in relation to current knowledge of cereal chemistry and cake technology. A brief perspective of the present use of chlorine in high-ratio cake flours is included. Investigations of the uptake of gaseous chlorine by flour and its distribution among and chemical action upon the major flour components (water, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) are assessed. The physical effects of chlorination as demonstrated by experiments with batters and cakes and by physicochemical observations of flour and its fractions are also considered. The characteristics of the starch in flour appear to be critical in high-ratio cakes. Chlorine treatment modifies the gelatinization behavior of the starch granules yet does not change their gelatinization temperature not is there evidence of chemical attack upon the starch molecules. Therefore, it is suggested that chlorine effects the necessary changes in starch behavior by reacting with the noncarbohydrate surface contaminants on the granules. Alternative methods of improving high-ratio cake flours are mentioned, particularly heat-treatment processes.
CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1978
PMID:The role and function of chlorine in the preparation of high-ratio cake flour. 3 Dec 65

Storage of frozen fish brings about a decrease of extractability of myofibrillar proteins. There is also deterioration of the texture and functional properties of the flesh. In model systems, aggregation of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and whole myofibrils have been described. These changes are caused by concurrent action of partial dehydration due to the freezing out of water, exposure of the proteins to inorganic salts which are concentrated in the remaining nonfrozen fluid, interactions with free fatty acids liberated from phospholipids and with lipid oxidation products, and cross-linking by formaldehyde produced in some species of fish as a result of enzymic decomposition of trimethylamine oxide. The extent of protein alterations increases with time and temperature of storage as well as with advanced disintegration of the tissues and intermixing of their components. The role played by the individual factors and the significance of different types of bonds, i.e., hydrophobic adherences, ionic bonds, and covalent cross-links in particular cases are not yet fully disclosed. Retardation of the deteriorative changes of proteins in frozen fish is possible by avoiding high storage temperatures and oxidation of lipids, removing hematin compounds and other constituents promoting cross-linking reactions, and by adding cryoprotectors like sugars, several organic acids, amino acids, or peptides.
CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1976 Sep
PMID:Protein changes in frozen fish. 14 88

Many diseases of the chest wall, heart, mediastinum, pleura, and lungs can be successfully imaged by CT. Radiotherapy ports can be calculated and transcutaneous biopsies can be monitored. In future, it is conceivable that by studying the numerical data within these areas of diseased and healthy lung it may be possible to more closely correlate pulmonary function with radiographic images. It is hoped that lung volumes extravascular lung water, blood flow patterns, and many more physiological parameters may become open to elucidation by CT.
CRC Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1978
PMID:Computerized tomography in the assessment of diseases of the thorax: a critical review. 75 93

The predictive value and safety of early postoperative radiological assessment of colorectal anastomotic integrity is controversial. In this study, 233 patients with colorectal or left sided colonic anastomoses had water soluble contrast enemas performed in the early postoperative period (mean: day 7 postoperatively, range: days 4-14). A total of 40 radiological leaks were recorded but only 12 of these patients had clinical signs of anastomotic dehiscence. Furthermore, 11 patients who had normal contrast enemas subsequently developed a clinical anastomotic leak. There were therefore 28 (12.0%) false positive and 11 (4.7%) false negative results giving values for the specificity and sensitivity of the radiological investigation of 86.7% and 52.2% respectively. Only 3 patients (1.3%) developed a clinically apparent anastomotic complication following a contrast enema. We conclude that while radiological assessment of distal large bowel anastomoses in the early postoperative period appears to be a safe procedure, it provides little useful clinical information with regard to early postoperative morbidity. Recent work has, however, suggested that radiological anastomotic integrity may be relevant to long term outcome following surgery for colorectal cancer.
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PMID:Early postoperative contrast radiology in the assessment of colorectal anastomotic integrity. 140 11

Dietary animal fat increases the risk of colorectal cancer. A factor in the increased risk is hypothesised to result from the inhibition of isoforms of a colonic epithelial cell enzyme that detoxifies genotoxins, glutathione S-transferase, by one of the major secondary bile acids produced in the colon by fat digestion, lithocholic acid. The inhibition allows mutagens to persist in colonic epithelial cells while proliferation is stimulated by secondary bile acids, with a concomitant greater frequency of neoplasia-associated mutations than when proliferation is stimulated in the absence of the mutagens. Elements in the hypothesis include the ability of relatively low concentrations of lithocholic acid to inhibit isoforms of glutathione S-transferase found in colon epithelial cells, entry of lithocholic acid into the epithelial cells, and the correlation of neoplasia-associated colon pathology with high levels of lithocholic acid in fecal water. Higher pH values in the colonic stream are identified as exacerbating the effects of lithocholic acid by increasing its solubility. Lithocholic acid is suggested to be more inhibitory to glutathione S-transferase than the other major colonic secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid, on the basis of inhibition-structure relationships.
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PMID:A factor in the increased risk of colorectal cancer due to ingestion of animal fat is inhibition of colon epithelial cell glutathione S-transferase, an enzyme that detoxifies mutagens. 146 Nov 70

California has 12% of the U.S. population. In 1991, the newly diagnosed cancer cases in California represented 10% of all new cancer cases in the country, and the yearly toll was 10% of all cancer deaths. Relative to all new cancer cases in the U.S., California had 10, 9.8, 9.8, and 9.3% of breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers, respectively. Because of its large population and cancer incidence, the epidemiology of cancer in California is of particular interest. Epidemiological factors reviewed in this article include ethnicity, lifestyle, occupation, and environmental conditions. Ethnic factors: There is an increased incidence of cervical and gallbladder cancer among Hispanic women, and of stomach cancer in Hispanic men and women. In U.S.-born Chinese men, the most prevalent cancers are those of the lung and colon, which is also seen in American white men. In U.S.-born Chinese women, there is an upward displacement of breast cancer incidence. In U.S.-born Japanese men and women, the mortality rate is closer to that of American whites. Life-style: Members of the Mormon Church and Seventh-Day Adventists have only 50% of the U.S. standardized mortality rate for cancer associated with smoking. Increased coffee consumption has been found to be associated with increased occurrence of colon and bladder cancer; alcohol use has been reported to have a positive association with colorectal cancer. The large AIDS population in San Francisco has a 144-fold odds ratio of Kaposi's sarcoma and a fivefold odds ratio of lymphoma when compared with the general U.S. population. Occupational factors: An increased incidence of mesothelioma in asbestos workers, of gastric cancer, skin cancer, and lymphoma in men working in dusty environments, and of astrocytoma in individuals with prolonged exposure to low-frequency electric and magnetic fields has been recorded. Environmental factors: The drinking-water pool in northern California is contaminated with asbestos of the serpentine type, which is associated with mesothelioma of the peritoneum and carcinoma of the lung, gallbladder, and pancreas. Petrochemical fumes in the heavily industrialized San Francisco Bay area have not been associated with an increased occurrence of cancer. No significant incidence in cancer has been noted in the counties surrounding the nuclear power plant at San Onofre during 18 years of close observation.
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PMID:Epidemiological factors of cancer in California. 146 11

To examine whether chlorination of drinking water was associated with cancer of the digestive or other organs, an ecological epidemiological study using nationwide incidence data from the Cancer Registry of Norway was carried out. On two geographical levels (counties and municipalities), both for men and women, chlorination of drinking water was associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, also measured on a geographical basis, the associations were still significant at the county level (adjusted for population density, income, education, fat and fibre intake etc.), but not at the municipality level. The observed associations are weak, chlorination being associated with a 20-40% increase in colorectal cancer rates. Due to inherent methodological limitations in ecological studies like the present one, causal interpretations should be made with great care. Thus, although the results give some support to the hypothesis that drinking water chlorination is associated with colorectal cancer, they do not provide strong evidence of a causal relationship.
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PMID:Chlorination of drinking water and cancer incidence in Norway. 154 60

Population studies in man and experimental animal work support the contention that dietary supplementation with calcium may prevent the development of colorectal cancer. The mechanism of action is postulated to be bile acid chelation in the small-bowed forming non-toxic calcium soap compounds but such substances have yet to be isolated and quantified. In this 2-part study faecal concentrations of acidic lipids and neutral sterols were measured in 93 Sprague-Dawley rats whose calcium intake was modulated by enriching the chow and adding calcium lactate (24 milligrams) to the drinking water. In study-1 (dietary calcium intake doubled from 0.4-0.8%) small bowel resection was used to manipulate colonic lipid concentration for comparison with control rats who had undergone transection with immediate restoration of bowel continuity at an equivalent point. Faecal concentrations of free bile acids were 53-67% less in animals receiving added calcium [1.76 +/- 1.33 vs 0.82 +/- 0.65 mg/g (transection); 2.74 +/- 3.73 vs 1.03 +/- 1.27 mg/g (small bowel resection): P less than 0.001]. In study-2 (dietary calcium intake trebled to 1.21%) faecal bile acid concentration was reduced by 32% (1.86 +/- 0.57 vs 1.27 +/- 0.34 mg/g: NS) whereas long chain fatty acid concentrations were increased by 117% (6.77 +/- 2.39 vs 14.67 +/- 4.82 mg/g: P less than 0.001) in animals receiving added calcium. Serum calcium levels remained unchanged in these animals. Calcium soaps of the bile acids were not detected in faeces and therefore contrary to popular theory these results indicate that conditions within the intestinal lumen favour calcium chelation of long chain fatty acids rather than bile acids.
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PMID:The effect of dietary calcium supplementation on intestinal lipid metabolism. 160 49

Chlorophyllin (CHL), the water soluble sodium/copper salt of chlorophyll, was investigated for its effect on colorectal cancer risk in the rat-dimethyldrazine colon carcinogenesis model. Ninety weanling Fisher 344 male rats were treated with five weekly injections of 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH), 20 mg base/kg body weight. Rats had been previously divided into three groups, consuming either rat chow and water (Group I), rat chow and CHL 1.5 mM in water throughout the experiment (Group II), or water and rat chow during DMH injection, adding CHL 1.5 mM to the drinking water after completion of the DMH treatments. At sarcifice, the incidence and yield of colorectal tumors were as follows: Group I 10% and 0.1; Group II, 23% and 0.27; and Group III, 47% and 0.53 (p less than 0.005 for incidence and = 0.003 for yield). These data demonstrate that, though it is well established that CHL is an antimutagen, CHL in this colorectal carcinogenesis model acted as a tumor promoter.
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PMID:Chlorophyllin, an antimutagen, acts as a tumor promoter in the rat-dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis model. 162 32

Dietary supplementation with calcium may prevent the development of colorectal cancer. This mechanism may be related to fatty acid and bile salt chelation in the small bowel forming non-toxic calcium-soap compounds. Calcium may also act locally or systemically on the colonic mucosa. Faecal concentrations of free fatty acids and free bile acids were measured in 17 Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 472 (39 g)) whose daily calcium intake had been trebled by enriching the chow and adding calcium lactate (24 g/l) to the drinking water. Mean (SEM) faecal concentrations of free bile acids were 33% less than in 19 controls (1.23 (0.15) v 1.82 (0.20) mg/g; p less than 0.001), whereas free fatty acid concentrations were 117% higher (14.68 (3.59) v 6.76 (2.41) mg/g; p less than 0.02). The 'direct' effect of calcium was assessed by organ culture of rat colonic explants in three different concentrations of calcium. Crypt cell production rate (measured by a stathmokinetic technique), which was (mean (SEM)) 4.80 (0.23) cells/crypt/h in control medium (Ca2+ = 2.14 mmol/l), fell by 43% when calcium concentration was doubled (p less than 0.05) and by a further 43% when the concentration was trebled (p less than 0.02). Calcium binds free fatty acids but not free bile acids intraluminally. Calcium has a direct antitropic action on colonic crypts.
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PMID:Effect of dietary calcium on the colonic luminal environment. 175 71


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