Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009319 (colitis)
 19,384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Distinguishing of indeterminate colitis from ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease in more than 10% of IBD cases as separate diagnostic category (IIBD) is defined by: first, overlapping or paucity of features of two major IBD forms in acute fulminant colitides and few chronic slowly progressive cases without differentiating markers of chronicity, and second, inability to reach specific diagnosis during or after completed clinical, radiological, endoscopical and histopathological examination of chronic colitis with inconclusive presentation of IBD-compatible cases. It implicates the contemporary category of IIBD, until some new relevant data of further clinical (preferably natural history and course of the disease) and histopathological examination of prior biopsies will possibly reclassify 20-75% of these cases into ulcerative colitis category (up to 40%) or Crohn's disease (up to 25%) at a median of 10 years' follow-up. The presence of ileal and/or perianal disease as well as later evident granulomatous and/or fissuring disease, including cases with pouchitis and diversion colitis in addition, could be helpful in favouring of Crohn's disease. Lacking specific signs of disease, IIBD is not a distinct entity. Still, many patients remain in this category. The most far is acute fulminant disease in adolescents and young adults with unusual distribution of transmural inflammation with deep fissuring ulcerations, sometimes of "collar-stud" type and normal mucosa between them, often with relative rectal sparing. There is significant risk of relapse and complications, but mild clinical course and even spontaneous regression are also reported. Failure of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery is about 20% more frequent then in ulcerative colitis with overall worse prognosis in life expectations. Diagnostic problems and the main presentations are discussed in detail, as well as genetic and etiopathogenetic basis for heterogeneity of IBD.
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PMID:[Indeterminate colitis (nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease)]. 1095 64

Slow release oral mesalazine (Pentasa) contains microgranules covered by a semipermeable ethylcellulose membrane. The microgranules continuously release their content from duodenum to ileum in a pH- and time-dependent way. About 75% of the microgranules pass into the colon, where further release is slower. This release pattern does not appear to be affected by food, diarrhoea or the simultaneous use of H2 antagonists. Rectal forms of mesalazine deliver active drug directly to the rectum and left colon. Plasma concentrations of mesalazine and its metabolite acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid after oral or local administration are the result of systemic absorption and hepatic metabolism by N-acetyltransferase. Most studies report maximal plasma concentrations of less than 1 mg/L after oral administration of slow release mesalazine, much lower than those observed after uncoated mesalazine but generally higher than after azo-bound drugs such as sulfasalazine. Urinary recovery is an indicator of absorption and metabolism, and is lower after rectal administration (10 to 30%) than after oral administration (30 to 40%). Faecal recovery after oral administration of slow or delayed release mesalazine is lower than with azo-bound drugs. Mesalazine acts locally after absorption by colonic and ileal mucosa. Mean steady-state concentrations of 25.7+/-2.2 microg/kg wet weight are found in ileocolonic biopsy specimens from patients with irritable bowel syndrome treated for 1 week with slow release mesalazine 1.5 g/day. Intramucosal concentrations after slow release mesalazine differ little between healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Although significant differences are found between the various aminosalicylates in release patterns and the resulting pharmacokinetic parameters, no differences in therapeutic effects have been found in comparative studies. High doses of oral mesalazine (2 to 4 g/day) are more effective than lower doses in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate active ulcerative colitis. High doses (4 g/day) are also effective in the treatment of Crohn's disease, predominantly in patients with ileitis. In contrast, no dose ranging effects were demonstrated with local treatment forms: mesalazine 1g enema seems sufficient for patients with distal colitis. Higher serum concentrations and urinary recoveries after the administration of slow or delayed release mesalazine compared with azo-bound drugs suggest a higher risk for renal adverse effects, although the reported occurrence is extremely low. Although preliminary data support an association between mucosal concentrations of mesalazine and its clinical activity, further studies are needed to correlate the effects of this drug with its pharmacokinetic parameters.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacokinetics of slow release mesalazine. 1097 56

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common entities observed by both primary care physicians and gastroenterologists. Alosetron is a potent and selective serotonin antagonist that recently became the first Food and Drug Administration-approved agent for diarrhea-predominant IBS. However, since approval, significant side effects have been noted with the use of alosetron including severe constipation, fecal impaction, and ischemic colitis. We describe a case of ischemic colitis in a male patient with IBS who was briefly treated with alosetron. Clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic features of the focal colitis strongly suggested ischemia. Symptoms correlated temporally with alosetron use, and symptoms abated with discontinuation of the drug. Endoscopic and pathologic resolution of the colitis were documented.
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PMID:Ischemic colitis during treatment with alosetron. 1144 89

Endometriosis of the intestinal tract may mimic a number of diseases both clinically and pathologically. The authors evaluated 44 cases of intestinal endometriosis in which endometriosis was the primary pathologic diagnosis, and evaluated them for a variety of gross and histologic changes. Cases with preneoplastic or neoplastic changes were excluded specifically because they were the subject of a previous study. The patients ranged in age from 28 to 56 years (mean age, 44 years), and presenting complaints included abdominal pain (n = 15), an abdominal mass (n = 12), obstruction (n = 8), rectal bleeding (n = 2), infertility (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 2), and increasing urinary frequency (n = 1). The clinical differential diagnoses included diverticulitis, appendicitis, Crohn's disease, tubo-ovarian abscess, irritable bowel syndrome, carcinoma, and lymphoma. Forty-two patients underwent resection of the diseased intestine and two patients underwent endoscopic biopsies. In 13 patients there were predominantly mural masses, which were multiple in two patients (mean size, 2.6 cm). In addition, 11 cases had luminal stenosis or strictures, six had mucosal polyps, four had submucosal masses that ulcerated the mucosa (sometimes simulating carcinoma), three had serosal adhesions, one had deep fissures in the mucosa, and one was associated with appendiceal intussusception. Involvement of the lamina propria or submucosa was identified in 29 cases (66%) and, of these, 19 had features of chronic injury including architectural distortion (n = 19), dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates (n = 7), pyloric metaplasia of the ileum (n = 1), and fissures (n = 1). Three cases had features of mucosal prolapse (7%), ischemic changes were seen in four (9%), and segmental acute colitis and ulceration were seen in four and six cases (9% and 13%) respectively. In 14 patients, endometriosis formed irregular congeries of glands involving the intestinal surface epithelium, mimicking adenomatous changes. Mural changes included marked concentric smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy, neuronal hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and fibrosis of the muscularis propria with serositis. Follow-up of 20 patients (range, 1-30 years; mean, 7.8 years) revealed that only two patients had recurrent symptoms. None of the patients developed inflammatory bowel disease. Endometriosis can involve the intestinal tract extensively, causing a variety of clinical symptoms, and can result in a spectrum of mucosal alterations. Because the endometriotic foci may be inaccessible to endoscopic biopsy or may not be sampled because of their focality, clinicians and pathologists should be aware of the potential of this condition to mimic other intestinal diseases.
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PMID:Endometriosis of the intestinal tract: a study of 44 cases of a disease that may cause diverse challenges in clinical and pathologic evaluation. 1125 18

Low-digestible carbohydrates represent a class of enzyme-resistant saccharides that have specific effects on the human gastrointestinal tract. in the small bowel, they affect nutrient digestion and absorption, glucose and lipid metabolism and protect against known risk factors of cardiovascular disease. In the colon they are mainly degraded by anaerobic bacteria in a process called fermentation. As a consequence, faecal nitrogen excretion is enhanced, which is used clinically to prevent or treat hepatic encephalopathy. Low-digestible carbohydrates are trophic to the epithelia of the ileum and colon, which helps to avoid bacterial translocation. Short-chain fatty acids are important fermentation products and are evaluated as new therapeutics in acute colitis. They are considered in the primary prevention of colorectal cancer. The bifidogenic effect of fructo-oligosaccharides merits further attention, Unfermented carbohydrates increase faecal bulk and play a role in the treatment of chronic functional constipation, symptomatic diverticulosis and, possibly, the irritable bowel syndrome. In conclusion, low-digestible carbohydrates may play a role in the maintenance of human digestive health. However, the strength of evidence differs between disease entities.
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PMID:Beneficial health effects of low-digestible carbohydrate consumption. 1132 Oct 25

Approximately 15% of all patients with IBD first develop symptoms after age 65. As the number of elderly in the population continues to grow, clinicians should expect to see a greater number of elderly IBD patients. In general, the presenting features of IBD are similar to those encountered in younger patients, but the broad differential diagnosis of colitis in the elderly can make definitive diagnosis more challenging. Although most therapies for IBD have not been studied specifically in the elderly, as a general rule, medical and surgical treatment options are the same regardless of age. Osteoporosis, a condition generally associated with aging, should be managed aggressively in patients with IBD because many older persons already have a substantial baseline risk for accelerated bone loss.
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PMID:Inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly. 1143 98

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has a key role in regulating mucosal inflammation. The role of functional polymorphisms at positions -627 and -1117 in the IL-10 gene as candidate susceptibility loci in inflammatory bowel disease and their importance in determining disease extent were evaluated in 159 patients with ulcerative colitis (83 left-sided; 76 extensive), 90 patients with Crohn's disease (22 small bowel; 29 large bowel; 39 both), and 227 controls. Genotyping was performed either by PCR-RFLP assays (-627 site) or SSCP analysis (-1117 site). An excess of -627A allele was observed in patients with left-sided colitis (52%) compared with controls (33%; P = 0.004) suggesting that IL-10 may influence the extent of the disease. These results were not replicated in a newly recruited group (N = 100) of patients with UC. We conclude that polymorphisms at -627 and -1117 sites in the IL-10 gene do not contribute to the susceptibility to IBD or determining the extent of the disease in our population.
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PMID:Role of polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene in determining disease susceptibility and phenotype in inflamatory bowel disease. 1147 5

Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease consists of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus, and is also known as regional enteritis, terminal ileitis, or granulomatous colitis. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectal involvement is present 95% of the time. Ten percent to fifteen percent of patients with irritable bowel syndrome cannot be clearly defined as having either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and are termed indeterminate colitis.
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PMID:Inflammatory bowel disease. 1148 43

We examined the therapeutic effects of the inflammatory cell infiltration inhibitor IS-741 (N-(2-((ethylsulfonyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide monosodium salt monohydrate) on a rat colitis model. As a result of its effects on leukocyte infiltration, IS-741 inhibits cell adhesion, alleviates symptoms and signs of pancreatitis and multiple organ failure and demonstrates a life-saving effect in a model of severe acute pancreatitis. A rat model was prepared by inducing colitis with 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and maintaining pathology with 1% DSS. Repeated oral administration of IS-741 at 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg per day was conducted for 2 weeks (during treatment with 1% DSS). IS-741 at each dose decreased the area of erosion in the large intestine, thickening of the wall of the large intestine and anemia caused by melena. Some effects of IS-741 were nearly equivalent to those of the control compound salazosulfapyridine. Furthermore, IS-741 markedly alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration into the intestinal wall. IS-741 improved lesions in a rat DSS model by inhibiting leukocyte infiltration, suggesting the possibility of clinical application of this drug for IBD.
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PMID:Efficacy of the inflammatory cell infiltration inhibitor IS-741 on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in the rat. 1170 14

The majority of foreign gastroenterologists have their doubts whether there exist "undifferentiated" colitisis. They consider these to be a variant of the irritable bowel syndrome. We have examined 173 patients. Of these, 67 percent were less than 45 years of age with significant intestinal disorders caused by chronic colitis. Diagnosis of Crohn's disease and nonspecific ulcerative colitis had been excluded. The main complaints of the patients were constipations alternated sometimes with short-time diarrhea (61%), diarrhea (13%), spasmodic pains in the inferior parts of the abdomen (20%), abdominal distention, and rumbling (74%). In 79% there was tenderness in the sygmoid colon and caecum and spasm thereof. Rectoromanoscopy (RRS) revealed normal mucosa of the rectum and sygmoid colon in 70%, proctosygmoiditis (predominantly catarrhal) in 30 percent of cases. In proctosygmoiditis (vs the normal mucosa) motor dysfunctions, disorders of the contrast mass passage through the intestine, gaustrations were more often seen but the relief of the mucosa was intact. Results of morphological investigations of biopsy specimens of rectal and sygmoidal mucosas were compared with endoscopy findings. No histological changes were revealed in 23% patients with proctosygmoiditis whereas in cases of endoscopically normal mucosa moderate inflammation was rarely detectable. Inflammatory changes in the mucosa were to be seen more frequently by cytologic analysis than by biopsy but more rarely than by RRS. In this way, 25% patients with endoscopical diagnosis of proctosygmoiditis had normal cytological picture. The increased amount of intestinal enzymes (enterokynase, alkaline phosphatase) in stools does not permit differentiating the functional and organic types of the disease, but it significantly contributes to endoscopical, morphological, cytological, and clinical data. Our investigations show that "undifferentiated" colitis is a rarity and that one finds difficulty in differentiating between the above condition and the irritable bowel syndrome.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis in "undifferentiated" inflammatory diseases and dyskinesias of the large intestine]. 1188 61


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