Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009319 (colitis)
 19,384 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection by bacteria, parasites or viruses and tissue inflammation such as gastritis, hepatitis and colitis are recognized risk factors for human cancers at various sites. Nitric oxide (NO) and other oxygen radicals produced in infected and inflamed tissues could contribute to the process of carcinogenesis by different mechanisms, which are discussed on the basis of authors' studies on liver fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma development. A similar mechanism could apply to other suspected and known cancer-causing agents including Helicobacter pylori infection (stomach cancer) or asbestos exposure (lung mesothelioma). Studies on the type of tissue and DNA damage produced by NO and by other reactive oxygen species are shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammatory processes may initiate or enhance carcinogenesis in humans.
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PMID:Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. 751 36

Diarrhea, the etiology of which often is obscure, is a major complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Diarrheogenic bacterial infections (eg, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) are diagnosed traditionally by stool analysis rather than by examination of endoscopic biopsy specimens. Although E coli rarely have been associated with diarrhea in HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, neither have they routinely been sought. Endoscopic ileal and colorectal biopsy specimens from AIDS-positive patients with chronic diarrhea were analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface epithelium of many large intestinal biopsy specimens previously diagnosed with, for example, nonspecific colitis, regularly showed disarray, degeneration, and necrosis, often with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and eosinophils, irregular cell aggregates, cell shedding, and defects. The crypts were not involved nor were consistent changes noted in the lamina propria. Closer scrutiny of 52 of these biopsy specimens showed gram-negative coliform bacteria intimately associated with histopathology in four distinct patterns. In 22 biopsy specimens, including two from infants, four morphological types of bacilli were observed that adhered to and effaced the brush border in the classic manner with cytoskeletal rearrangement and pedestals. Other bacterial morphologies and/or patterns of epithelial interaction also were observed (ie, thin bacilli intercalated between microvilli [n = 7], loosely associated bacilli [n = 21], and enterocyte invasion by long rods [n = 2]). Three patients also had minor ileal involvement. Infection was greatest in the right colon and coinfections (eg, microsporidia, Mycobacterium avium complex, adenovirus, and especially cytomegalovirus) were documented in 37% (19 of 52) of specimens. Diarrheogenic bacterial infections, some of the E coli type, may be an important cause of diarrhea in HIV disease. Their precise characterization is needed so that stool samples, not endoscopic biopsy specimens, can be used for diagnosis.
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PMID:Diarrheogenic bacterial enteritis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a light and electron microscopy study of 52 cases. 775 Sep 32

An open prospective trial of combined ganciclovir and foscarnet therapy for 3 weeks was initiated in 14 episodes of severe CMV-disease in 13 HIV-infected patients (all CDC class IV, age 30-42, median 34 years, CD4+ cell count 0-80, median 10/microliters). In seven episodes of gastrointestinal disease (five colitis, two esophagitis) remission of symptoms and mucosal changes was achieved in five. In seven episodes of retinitis, scarring was achieved in six. Renal toxicity was seen in two patients, moderate hematologic toxicity in eight patients. Overall efficacy was comparable to monotherapy; no new toxicities were seen with the combination of these two drugs.
Infection
PMID:Foscarnet and ganciclovir combination therapy for CMV disease in HIV-infected patients. 792 16

Urease is an enzyme found in plants and bacteria, but not mammals. It catalyzes the conversion of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia. Ammonia shortens the life span of cells; and higher concentrations cause tissue necrosis and cytolysis. Twenty percent of total body urea is converted to ammonia by bacterial urease in the colon. Small injections of urease immunize animals by producing antiurease, a gamma globulin, which inactivates urease. Immunization eliminates the colonic conversion of urea to ammonia. Injection of urease produces ammonia intoxication making immunization hazardous. Although previously impossible, a non enzymatic urease antigen was synthesized by covalently bonding jack bean urease with glutaraldehyde. This antigen stimulated the production of antiurease that inactivates native urease. Helicobacter pylori, a potent urease producer, has been implicated in peptic ulcer, gastritis and other inflammatory bowel lesions. The pathogenicity of H pylori is dependent on its urease production. Immunization to urease can render H pylori non pathogenic. Cirrhotics develop encephalopathy and hyperammonemia because their livers fail to convert all the ammonia in portal venous blood to urea and collaterals develop by passing the liver. Colonic ammonia increases the turnover rate of colonic mucosa. Ammonia absorbed into the portal venous system is transported to the liver where it is reconverted to urea. Absorbed ammonia adversely influences liver function. Infections with urease producing organisms destroy the renal parenchyma and produce struvite stones. Urease immunization aids colonic healing and prevents uremic colitis. Absorbed ammonia is a noxious influence on the liver. Animals immunized to urease regenerate the liver faster and are less susceptible to hepatotoxins. Immunization to urease ameliorates cirrhosis. Proteus and other urease producers become non toxic and do not damage the renal parenchyma. Urease is responsible for the pathogenicity of infections with urease producing organisms. Immunization to urease renders urease producing organisms non pathogenic.
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PMID:Awakenings to the pathogenicity of urease and the requirement for continuous long term therapy. 799 80

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from ten of 188 biopsies (5.3%) obtained from different parts of the lower digestive tract. Patients (mean age 37.0 years) presented with ulcerative proctitis, Crohn's disease, mild colitis or ulcerative colitis. Seven rectal biopsies, two biopsies from the sigmoid flexure and one caecal biopsy were positive for chlamydial isolation whereas all biopsies taken from the colon ascendens, transversum or descendens and from the terminal ileum were negative. We conclude that isolation of C. trachomatis is most effective from rectal and sigmoidal biopsies and is a rare event from other sites of the lower digestive tract.
Infection
PMID:Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from the lower digestive tract. 830 Feb 49

In an epidemiological study of the incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the county of Stockholm between 1955 and 1979, 1274 patients with UC were discovered. Almost all these patients had regularly been investigated with liver function tests; 142 (11%) of them showed signs of hepatobiliary disease. A follow up study on all 142 patients with abnormal liver function and UC was made between 1989 and 1991 to evaluate the cause of the liver abnormality and to find out if the liver disease had affected the survival rates. At follow up, eight patients were reclassified as having Crohn's disease, 60 had developed normal liver function as judged from test results, while the remaining 74 still had signs of hepatobiliary disease. The most common explanation for a transient abnormality in liver function was active colitis. The temporary signs of liver injury were not associated with changes in survival rates for these patients. Infections, especially those because of hepatitis B and C virus transmitted by blood transfusions accounted for the abnormalities in liver function in 21 patients, nine of which had a chronic, but non-fatal course. Twenty nine (2.3%) of the patients developed primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and 12 of them died during the study period four because of cholangiocarcinoma and eight because of hepatic failure; one patient had a transplant. The estimated median time of survival from the first presentation of evidence of a liver function, compatible with the diagnosis of PSC, to death or liver transplantation was 21 years. A comparison of survival rates in patients with UC and patients with UC and concurrent PSC showed, a significant reduction in survival in the PSC group (p<0.0001). The number of patients with UC who developed PSC remained constant during the study period. Thus, although evidence of abnormal liver function is a common finding in UC, a spontaneous return to normal levels is common. In this study, which did not have a selection bias, the median time of survival among PSC patients was far longer than previously described although development of PSC among patients with UC does significantly reduce the estimated median time of survival.
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PMID:Liver disease in ulcerative colitis: an epidemiological and follow up study in the county of Stockholm. 830 57

Intestinal infection by Escherichia coli O157 and other verotoxin (VT) producing E. coli has been increasingly recognized as an important factor for the causation of classic (enteropathic) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and hemorrhagic colitis (HC). Toxins most frequently involved are VT1 and VT2. As with other toxin-mediated diseases, administration of immunoglobulin (Ig) may be beneficial. However, little is known about the immune response elicited by the toxin(s), and the prevalence of VT neutralizing antibodies in the healthy population. We studied the capacity of seven Igs and a commercial plasma preparation to neutralize four different VTs (VT1, VT2, VT2c and VT2e). The results were compared with the neutralization titers (NT50%) of normal human serum samples from various age groups. Plasma products and normal sera were separated by protein G affinity chromatography to investigate the factor(s) responsible for VT neutralization. All Igs neutralized VT1 (8 to 96 NT50%). None of them inhibited VT2, VT2c or VT2e effectively. In contrast, none of 40 pediatric, and only one of 20 adult control sera (starting dilution 1:4) neutralized VT1 (25 NT50%). All 60 samples as well as the plasma preparation blocked VT2 (22 to 446 NT50%, median 137), but not VT2c and VT2e. The VT1 neutralizing activity was eluted with the IgG fraction. The VT2 neutralizing activity was not bound by protein G, but was recovered in the IgG-free effluent. In conclusion, therapeutic Igs significantly neutralize VT1, but are largely ineffective against other VTs. In contrast, all control sera inhibited VT2, but rarely VT1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infection
PMID:Differences in verotoxin neutralizing activity of therapeutic immunoglobulins and sera from healthy controls. 836 10

Infections with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and (VTEC), and especially with serotype O157, are the main cause of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) in children in the Netherlands. 8% of the patients infected develop HUS; the incidence is 2/105/year in children under 5 years. The infection may be asymptomatic, but may also lead to mild to haemorrhagic diarrhoea and to haemorrhagic colitis. Up to 10% of the patients die in the acute phase of the disease and in up to another 10% the renal damage does not resolve completely. In 1993 bovine meat samples examined by polymerase chain reaction revealed VTEC in 16% of the cases; however none of the isolated serotypes was known to be pathogenic in humans. Epidemiological investigations are being carried out in the cattle population. Verocytotoxins are exotoxins that bind to surface receptors on cells after which part of the toxin is internalized where it inhibits protein synthesis. The functional receptor is glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide, a molecule normally only expressed in the renal glomeruli of children under three years of age.
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PMID:[Infections with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. 861 31

The current impact of Clostridium difficile will have been noticed by many clinicians, particularly those managing elderly patients. Infection with this bacterium can give rise to a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhoea to fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon. Patients may also be asymptomatically colonized by C. difficile. In this article the epidemiology and aetiology of C.difficile infection will be discussed, followed by an explanation of how diagnosis of cases is best achieved, how the disease is optimally treated and how cross-infection can be minimized.
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PMID:Clostridium difficile. 890 13

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes a variety of clinical conditions, the most important being hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. A curative therapy of EHEC diseases is not yet feasible. This study investigates the antibody reactivity of Lactobin, a standardized immunoglobulin (Ig) preparation, obtained from the colostra of non-immunized cows. Three different batches of Lactobin exhibited equally high titers of specific antibodies against Shiga-like toxins (SLTs, verocytotoxins) and EHEC hemolysin (EHEC-Hly) produced by E. coli O157. In addition, Lactobin blocked the cytotoxic effect of SLT-I and SLT-II on Vero cell monolayers and inhibited the cytolytic effects of EHEC-Hly on human erythrocytes. Since Lactobin contains high levels of antibodies and neutralizing activity against important virulence factors of EHEC O157, this drug has potential use in the treatment of diarrhea and the prevention of EHEC-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Infection
PMID:A standard immunoglobulin preparation produced from bovine colostra shows antibody reactivity and neutralization activity against Shiga-like toxins and EHEC-hemolysin of Escherichia coli O157:H7. 892 50


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