Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0008370 (cholestasis)
 9,378 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) of the adrenal cortex of rats were determined under the effect of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and/or norethisterone acetate (NA), the two components of the contraceptive pill gyn-anovlar (Schering AG Berlin). A pathological study was also carried out to examine the effects of EE and NA on other tissues mainly the liver, lungs, spleen and ovaries. EE in a dose of 10 micrograms/day for 2 weeks caused a significant increase in the weight of the adrenal but no significant increase in the AP/g cortical tissue. The 25 and 50 micrograms doses for the same period caused a significant increase in both adrenal weight and AP. When treatment was prolonged to 6 weeks no effect on adrenal weight or AP was detected. The same finding was obtained with NA in a dose of 7 mg/rat/day for 2 weeks. The 14 mg dose of NA for the same period caused a significant increase in adrenal weight but no effect on AP. The 21 mg dose caused a significant increase in adrenal weight accompanied by significant decrease in AP/g cortical tissue. Treatment with NA for 6 weeks caused a rise in adrenal weight and AP with the 7 mg dose, then a decline in AP with the 14 mg dose, and a decline in both adrenal weight and AP with the 21 mg dose. As regards the effects of EE and NA on other tissues, EE was found to have a powerful stimulatory effect on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) as well as toxic effects on the liver. NA did not produce such lesions except for the large doses and prolonged periods of treatment. In addition NA produced cholestasis in the liver associated with staining of the liver cells with bile. Combination of EE and NA in the form of gyn-anovlar produced more powerful stimulation of RES and decreased the toxic manifestations of either component. As regards the ovaries, administration of 50 micrograms EE for 6 weeks produced profound hyperplasia of the granulosa cells of the Graafian follicles and inhibited ovulation, however, NA did not inhibit ovulation. With gyn-anovlar, the effect of EE on the ovaries seemed to predominate and ovulation was inhibited.
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PMID:Studies on the effects of ethinyl estradiol and norethisterone acetate on the adrenal cortex and some other tissues in the rat. 46 63

A 36-year-old Surinam woman with a severe form of toxic epidermal necrolysis of unknown origin is presented. Skin lesions healed gradually without scarring within 3 to 4 weeks, but eye lesions progressed to symblepharon and corneal opacification, resulting in almost complete blindness. In addition, toxic epidermal necrolysis was associated with severe intrahepatic cholestasis caused by vanished bile duct syndrome; viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis were excluded. After about six months, intrahepatic chole-stasis improved spontaneously and a third liver biopsy taken after 51 weeks of illness revealed that the bile ducts had reappeared. At present, the patient is relatively well, with no jaundice, although parameters of cholestasis are still elevated: Alkaline phosphatase three times, and gamma GT thirty times the normal values. This sequence of events has to our knowledge never been reported in the literature.
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PMID:Reappearance of vanished bile ducts. 148 65

Postoperative hyperbilirubinemia was investigated in 18 patients who underwent a single-staged esophagectomy and reconstruction. The total serum bilirubin (TSB) concentration increased progressively after surgery without any evidence of sepsis and reached a peak on day 5 from 0.5 +/- 0.1 to 2.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl (p less than 0.01), and then decreased by day 14. The TSB concentration rose above 2.5 mg/dl on days 5 or 7 in 8 patients (44%). Alkaline phosphatase and SGOT showed a mild increase during the postoperative period. The increase in the serum lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration, which was measured as malondialdehyde, after surgery correlated closely with the change in the TSB concentration. The LPO concentration was significantly elevated only in the patients with postoperative hyperbilirubinemia, and showed a correlation with the TSB concentration (r = 0.81, p less than 0.01). The level of serum alpha-tocopherol decreased after surgery, but did not differ between the patients with or without postoperative hyperbilirubinemia. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation reactions play a role in the development of hyperbilirubinemia after esophagectomy, which may be due to benign intrahepatic cholestasis.
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PMID:Hyperbilirubinemia after esophagectomy. A possible role of lipid peroxidation. 154 65

Forty-four male and female subjects aged 22-57 years were studied. Thirteen patients had acute viral hepatitis, and eleven patients had cholestatic jaundice due to carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Twenty healthy volunteers who served as controls were also included. In hepatitis patients, the mean plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC) and the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-phospholipid/phospholipid (HDLPL/PL) ratio were reduced, and HDL-cholesterol (HDLC), HDL-phospholipid (HDLPL) and the phospholipid/total cholesterol (PL/TC) ratio were normal, while total phospholipid (PL) levels and the HDLC/TC ratio were significantly increased compared to the control values. In patients with cholestatic jaundice the mean plasma total cholesterol, phospholipid and HDLC levels were elevated, and HDLPL/PL, HDLPL, HDLC/TC and PL/TC remained normal compared to the control values. A comparison within the patient groups showed that plasma TC, PL and HDLC levels were significantly increased in cholestatic jaundice when compared with the corresponding levels in hepatitis patients. The mean plasma levels of HDLPL, HDLC/TC and PL/TC did not show any significant variation within the patient groups. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) correlated positively with TC, and total protein correlated negatively with TC and HDLPL, while albumin correlated negatively with TC, HDLC and HDLPL in cholestatic jaundice. Alanine amino-transferase (ALAT) also correlated positively with PL in cholestatic jaundice, while albumin correlated positively with TC in hepatitis. The results suggest that lipoproteins might be metabolized differently in these two forms of cholestasis.
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PMID:Changes in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and phospholipid in acute viral hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice. 199 58

We analyzed 31 patients with a diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis, 29 of them males, aged 23 to 72 years. Liver biopsy was diagnostic in all showing initial findings of the disease in 5. Echotomography and cholangiography demonstrated a patent biliary, tract. Anti-mitochondrial antibodies were present in 94% of patients. Alkaline phosphatase and biliary acid levels were useful for diagnosis. Pruritus was present with varying intensity in all patients, with premenstrual exacerbations in 5 females who had cholestasis of pregnancy or hepatitis caused by progestin drugs before developing cirrhosis. Recurrent urinary tract infection was present in 8 patients, osteoporosis in 24, Sjogren's syndrome in 24 and Crest syndrome in 4. Survival ranged from 1 to 12 years, death being caused by ruptured esophageal varices in 12 patients and by liver failure in 7. Persistence of pruritus and altered liver function tests after cholestasis of pregnancy or hepatitis caused by progestins should lead to investigation of biliary cirrhosis.
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PMID:[Primary biliary cirrhosis. The clinical experience in 31 patients]. 215 67

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) fast liver isoenzyme is now known as high-molecular-weight ALP. This ALP isoenzyme represents fragments of hepatic cell plasma membranes with various membrane-bound enzymes localized on the surface. High-molecular-weight ALP isoenzyme is present in patients' serum samples in conditions associated with intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and primary or metastatic hepatic malignancy. High-molecular-weight ALP isoenzyme may coexist with ALP of the normal liver and with ALP lipoprotein X. Alkaline phosphatase ultrafast liver isoenzyme is now known as ALP lipoprotein X complex.
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PMID:High-molecular-weight alkaline phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase lipoprotein X complex in cholestasis and hepatic malignancy. 234 63

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was studied by enzyme histochemical methods and by biochemical quantitations in rat livers with chronic bile duct obstruction and experimental cirrhosis. The most evident ALP increase was histochemically found in portal tracts of rats with bile duct obstruction and localized to the walls of proliferating blood vessels. Furthermore, a slight canalicular membrane enzyme increase was histochemically found in both groups, most evident in cirrhosis, whereas the biochemical assay of ALP in serum and liver from both pathological groups showed 3 times higher values compared to controls. The portal tracts did not seem to contribute to the serum increase, since the rise of serum ALP was similar in chronic bile duct obstruction and in experimental cirrhosis without changes of the portal tracts. It is concluded that the increase ALP activity in serum from rats with bile duct obstruction and cirrhosis mainly has a hepatocytic origin.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase in cholestatic and cirrhotic rats. A biochemical and histochemical study. 261 54

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which was discovered in 1907, is extensively reviewed. The first section deals with biochemical aspects of ALP, e.g. the anchorage of ALP to cell membranes via a phosphatidylinositol linkage, the charge and molecular mass heterogeneities and their causes, and methods for the separation and analysis of ALP isoforms using the newest electrophoresis techniques, such as affinity electrophoresis with wheatgerm lectin and isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. The second section deals exclusively with the clinical implications of ALP analysis in diseased states, e.g. cholestasis, hyper- and hypophosphatasemias and neutrophil ALP. Extensively discussed is the involvement of ALP in numerous bone diseases. The role of ALP and its isoforms in tumours and their applicability as potential tumour markers is critically evaluated.
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PMID:Alkaline phosphatase. Laboratory and clinical implications. 306 29

Short-term effects of cyclosporine were studied in the isolated perfused rat liver model. Bile flow was inhibited by cyclosporine in 2 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses but not by a 0.2 mg/kg dose. Cholestasis was accompanied by a decrease in bile acid secretion, indicating an inhibitory effect on the bile acid-dependent fraction of bile flow. Perfusate bilirubin levels increased threefold in rat livers given 20 mg/kg of cyclosporine, but did not change in control animals. Alkaline phosphatase and transaminase levels did not differ from those of control animals. The isolated perfused rat liver was able to excrete cyclosporine, as demonstrated by a continual decrease in perfusate cyclosporine levels. No light microscopic evidence of cholestasis or hepatocellular damage was demonstrated on histologic staining. Our model appears to be a good one for the study of altered hepatic physiologic characteristics caused by administration of cyclosporine.
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PMID:Effect of cyclosporine on bile secretion in rats. 394 49

Selective biliary obstruction (SBO) is a model of partial cholestasis in the rat in which the bile duct draining the median lobe is ligated and transected; the remaining biliary tree remains intact. Other authors introduced this experimental model and studied morphological and biochemical modifications in the liver after 2 days from surgery. They suggest that an adaptation may occur. Choosing some markers of cholestasis and some other markers of various cytoplasmic organelles, we studied the long-term effects that occur in serum and in total liver homogenate of selectively obstructed rats as compared to controls. Alkaline phosphatase activity and bile acids content, which were significantly higher than controls in serum and in total liver homogenate of the median lobe after 2 and 8 days from SBO, returned to normal range values after 30 days. Cytochrome-oxidase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in total homogenate of the SBO median lobe remains perfectly similar to the control values in time. Results, together with morphological observations, suggest that cholestasis is present immediately after operation, then decreases gradually and disappears finally. The obstructed median lobe seems to cope with cholestasis.
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PMID:Study of the long-term effects of selective biliary obstruction (SBO). 626 90


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