Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0008354 (cholera)
 20,452 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rotaviruses are the main etiology of acute diarrhoeas in gabonese children (11 to 30% according to age). Salmonellae (11.4%), Shigellae (7.1%) and E. histolytica (7.1%), isolated or associated with enterobacteria, E. coli (3%), Giardia and Strongyloides stercoralis (1.4%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1%) and Balantidium coli (0.5%) were also found, without cholera.
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PMID:[Etiology of acute infantile gastroenteritis in Gabon]. 286 5

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials were determined for Salmonella typhi (25), Salmonella spp. (50), Shigella spp. (50), Campylobacter jejuni (100), Vibrio cholerae (10), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10), Yersinia enterocolitica (25), Aeromonas hydrophila (25) and Plesiomonas shigelloides (10). MICs were determined using an agar dilution technique in Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid, England) supplemented with 10% lysed horse blood. Antibiotic containing plates were inoculated with approximately 10(4) colony forming units of each organism, contained in 10 microliters of Mueller-Hinton broth (Oxoid, England), using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation plates were incubated aerobically for 18 hours at 37 degrees C, except for plates inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni which were incubated microaerophilically for 48 hours at 37 degrees C. The MICs of each antimicrobial for each isolate examined, together with the minimum concentrations of each antimicrobial required to inhibit 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the isolates examined, were also determined. The more recently synthesized 4-quinolones showed very good activity against all of the enteric pathogens examined with ciprofloxacin being the most active (MIC90: Salmonella typhi 0.015 microgram/ml, Salmonella spp. 0.015 microgram/ml, Shigella spp. 0.015 microgram/ml, Campylobacter jejuni 0.12 microgram/ml, Vibrio cholerae 0.008 microgram/ml, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 0.06 microgram/ml, Yersinia enterocolitica 0.015 microgram/ml, Aeromonas hydrophila 0.015 microgram/ml and Plesiomonas shigelloides 0.015 microgram/ml. Where considered clinically appropriate these compounds may have a useful role in the treatment and prevention of diarrhoeal disease caused by these enteric pathogens.
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PMID:The comparative in vitro activity of twelve 4-quinolone antimicrobials against enteric pathogens. 294 Dec 57

Diarrhoeal diseases belong to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, especially in infants and small children. About one billion episodes are estimated for this group of age with 4.6 million fatalities. Many causes are discussed to explain the high incidence: bottle feeding of infants, protein malnutrition, unsafe drinking water and unsafe disposal of excrements and sewage, unsufficient consciousness of personal and domestic hygiene, lack of knowledge on the origin of disease, and inadequate food hygiene. Among the viral infectious agents rotavirus is isolated from 30-40% of enteritis cases in infants and small children; Norwalk virus, adenovirus and human calicivirus, too, appear to occur worldwide. Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and, especially, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are of primary importance as bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli primarily cause disease in infants and small children. Shigellae are important whereas salmonellae are less frequently identified as a cause for diarrhoeal illness. Yersinia enterocolitica is rare in tropical countries. Cholera and infections with other vibrionaceae (V. cholerae non-01, V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus, aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides) mainly occur in coastal areas. Clostridium perfringens type C is the causal agent of Enteritis necroticans in several countries, especially New Guinea. C. difficile appears to be of minor importance. Among the parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are the most important organisms causing diarrhoeal disease. Macroscopic (visible blood) and microscopic stool examination (faecal leukocytes) may be helpful in dysenteric disease to distinguish between shigella and E. histolytica infections; it is, however, of limited usefulness to discriminate between organisms causing watery diarrhoea.
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PMID:[Epidemiology, etiology and laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhea diseases in the tropics]. 300 Sep 20

Restriction endonuclease-generated polynucleotide and synthetically produced oligonucleotide gene probes used in colony hybridization assays proved to be efficient for the detection and differentiation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. To compare their relative efficiencies, these two sets of probes were radiolabeled with 32P and were applied to 74 strains of E. coli with known enterotoxin profiles and to 156 previously unexamined E. coli isolates. The enterotoxigenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio cholerae non-O1 (NAG), Yersinia enterocolitica, and E. coli harboring the plasmid vectors of the polynucleotide gene probes were examined for further evaluation of probe specificity. The two classes of probes showed a perfect concordance in their specific detection and differentiation of enterotoxigenic E. coli. In the analysis of six strains, the signal strength on autoradiography after hybridization with oligonucleotides was weaker than that obtained after hybridization with polynucleotide probes. The probes did not hybridize with DNA from V. cholerae O1, V. cholerae non-O1 (NAG), or Y. enterocolitica. The strains of E. coli harboring the plasmid vectors of the polynucleotide gene probes were, likewise, negative in the hybridization assays.
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PMID:Cloned polynucleotide and synthetic oligonucleotide probes used in colony hybridization are equally efficient in the identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. 306 60

To determine whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures of Campylobacter species are immunologically related to those of 11 other gram-negative organisms, we immunoblotted from polyacrylamide gels the LPS of these strains with immune rabbit serum raised against six Campylobacter jejuni strains and two Campylobacter fetus strains. The LPS studied were from Salmonella minnesota wild type and Ra to Re mutants, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of the 11 LPS preparations was recognized by the eight antisera, but antisera to each of the Campylobacter strains recognized core determinants of some LPS preparations. Antiserum directed against the most serum-sensitive C. jejuni strain, 79-193, was the only antiserum sample that recognized core regions of the rough Salmonella mutants. In converse experiments, when LPS preparations from five Campylobacter strains were blotted with antiserum to Salmonella lipid A, recognition of core structures of each was shown; data from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed this result. In contrast, antiserum to Salmonella typhimurium Re LPS showed no reactivity. We conclude that LPS of Campylobacter strains share lipid A antigenic determinants with the core region of LPS of several other gram-negative organisms.
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PMID:Lipopolysaccharide structures in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae are immunologically related to Campylobacter spp. 307 30

The O-haptens of the major fraction (f5A) of B. abortus (Strains 2308 and 19) membrane bound smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) were prepared by hydrolysis of f5A native sLPS in 1% acetic acid at 100 degrees C for 2 h. After hydrolysis, O-haptens were separated from Lipid A-protein complex by centrifugation, and from small fragments by ultrafiltration of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 1.0 X 10(3). These carbohydrate haptens were identified by precipitin-inhibition assay and further fractionated by both membrane filtration and dialysis. The size distributions of carbohydrate haptens of endotoxins (f5A) ranged from oligosaccharides up to polysacchandes of 1.0 X 10(4) MWCO. Three major fractions of MWCO 8.0-10.0 X 10(3), 3.5-5.0 X 10(3) and less than 1.0 X 10(3) from both strains 2308 and 19 contained more than 85% of the total immunoactive materials. These fractions of haptens were subjected to composition, proton and 13C NMR analysis and were found to be a homopolymer of alpha 1----2 linked, 4,5-dideoxy-4-formamido-D-mannose (N-formylperosamine), which is identical to O-haptens of B. abortus strain 119.3 and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 and similar to Vibrio cholerae 569B (INABA). Fractions of these haptens exhibited similar inhibitory reactivities in a precipitin-inhibition assay as expressed as mumoles of monosaccharide of anhydro-N-formyl perosamine. They were about 480 times as active as Me alpha----DMan or DMan.
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PMID:Structural and immunochemical characterization of the O-haptens of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides from strains 19 and 2308. 311 17

The susceptibility has been determined of 169 Shigella spp., 93 Salmonella spp., 68 Yersinia enterocolitica, 34 Vibrio cholerae 0:1, and 34 Campylobacter jejuni, isolated in Central Africa and in Belgium, to ten fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, enoxacin, amifloxacin, CI-934, A-56619, A-56620 and RO 23-6240. All quinolones were active against the strains tested, showing an MIC90 between 0.004 mg/l and 2 mg/l for strains susceptible to nalidixic acid and an MIC90 between 0.12 and 4 mg/l for resistant strains. Ciprofloxacin was the most active compound against Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica. A-56620 was the most active against C. jejuni; and both compounds were equal in activity against V. cholerae. The MBCs of all ten compounds were either similar to the MIC or one concentration higher. Killing curves show that the quinolones are bactericidal for the strains tested within 2 to 8 h of contact with concentrations corresponding to 2 or 8 times the MIC.
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PMID:[Comparative in vitro activity of 10 new 4-quinolones against enteropathogenic bacteria]. 311 89

Eighteen monoclonal antibodies were generated from mice immunized with Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Inaba. Reactivities of these antibodies were investigated by slide agglutination, microdilution agglutination, and passive hemagglutination tests. Although all antibodies reacted to the Inaba-type cells, reactivity to Ogawa cells showed some variation. These antibodies were roughly subdivided into three groups by slide agglutination tests and microdilution agglutination tests by using type-specific standard strains. The first group showed almost identical reactivities to both the Ogawa- and the Inaba-type cells, while the second group reacted to Inaba-type cells but only very weakly reacted to Ogawa-type cells. The third group reacted only to Inaba-type cells; no agglutination was observed for Ogawa-type cells in either the slide agglutination or the microdilution agglutination tests. Most of the third group showed cross-reactivity to Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica O9. Results of passive hemagglutination tests showed that all 18 antibodies were to the lipopolysaccharide of V. cholerae O1.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype inaba. 323 65

On the basis of the published nucleotide sequences of the genes that code for the heat-labile toxin LTh and the heat-stable toxins STaI and STaII of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, a 34-mer and two 33-mer oligonucleotide probes were synthesized. To compare their relative efficacies in the detection and differentiation of enterotoxigenic E. coli, a colony hybridization technique using these probes and a GM1 ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal anti-LT and anti-ST antibodies were used with 76 strains of E. coli with known enterotoxin profiles. For further evaluation of probe specificity, the enterotoxigenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 and Yersinia enterocolitica were examined with the colony hybridization technique. The sensitivity of colony hybridization compared favorably with that of GM1 ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the two assays showed a high level of concordance in specific detection and differentiation of E. coli with various enterotoxin profiles (kappa = 0.906, P less than 0.00001). The probes did not hybridize with DNAs from strains of V. cholerae O1 or non-O1 or Y. enterocolitica.
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PMID:Comparative study of colony hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. 328 78

A miniaturized 2-h system for detection of lactose-negative potentially enteropathogenic bacteria on the basis of nine enzymatic tests was evaluated. The system was challenged with 210 strains of lactose-negative and lactose-positive species grown on MacConkey agar. Specific and constant patterns were found for Salmonella, Shigella A-C, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio cholerae. Shigella sonnei and Hafnia alvei had an identical pattern, likewise Plesiomonas shigelloides, halophilic vibrios and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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PMID:Two-hour miniaturized system for detection of enteropathogenic bacteria in stool cultures. 344 Apr 58


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