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Query: UMLS:C0008354 (cholera)
 20,452 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe a family of highly conserved, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) sequences, 14 of which have been identified in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and a further three in other enterobacterial species (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae). ERIC sequences are 126 bp long and appear to be restricted to transcribed regions of the genome, either in intergenic regions of polycistronic operons or in untranslated regions upstream or downstream of open reading frames. ERIC sequences are highly conserved at the nucleotide sequence level but their chromosomal locations differ between species. Several features of ERIC sequences resemble those of REP sequences (Stern et al., 1984) although the nucleotide sequence is entirely different. The question of whether ERICs have a specific function, or represent a form of 'selfish' DNA, is discussed.
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PMID:ERIC sequences: a novel family of repetitive elements in the genomes of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and other enterobacteria. 171 81

Significant differences exist in the prevalence of most gastroenterological emergencies in tropical compared with temperate countries. Both ethnic and environmental (often clearly defined geographically) factors are relevant. The major oesophageal lesions which can present acutely in tropical countries are varices and carcinoma; bleeding and obstruction are important sequelae. Peptic ulcer disease (and its complications), often associated (not necessarily causally) with Helicobacter pylori infection, has marked geographical variations in incidence. Emergencies involving the small intestine are dominated by severe dehydration, and its sequelae, resulting from secretory diarrhoea, most notably cholera. However, enteritis necroticans ('pig bel' disease), paralytic ileus (sometimes caused by antiperistaltic agents) and obstruction (secondary to luminal helminths, volvulus and intussusception) are other important problems, especially in infants and children. Enteric fever is occasionally complicated by perforation and haemorrhage; the former (which is notoriously difficult to manage) is accompanied by significant mortality. Ileocaecal tuberculosis is a major cause of right iliac fossa pathology--sometimes associated with malabsorption; amoeboma is an important clinical differential diagnosis. The colon can be involved in invasive Entamoeba histolytica infection (which, like complicated enteric fever, is difficult to manage if the fulminant form, with perforation, ensues), shigellosis, volvulus and intussusception. Acute colonic dilatation occasionally follows Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and rarely E. histolytica infections. Acute hepatocellular failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics and subtropics. It usually results from viral hepatitis (HBV, sometimes complicated by HDV, and HCV), but there is a long list of differential diagnoses. Hepatotoxicity resulting from herbs, chemotherapeutic agents or alcohol also occurs not infrequently. Chronic liver disease and its sequelae (often long-term results of viral hepatitis) are commonplace. Haematemesis and hepatocellular failure are usually very difficult to manage due to a lack of sophisticated support techniques in developing countries. Invasive hepatic amoebiasis usually responds well to medical management; however, spontaneous perforation can occur and the consequences of this are serious. Pyogenic liver abscess, although far less common than amoebic 'abscess', carries a bad prognosis whatever the method(s) of management. Hydatidosis and schistosomiasis also involve the liver, and helminthiases are important in the context of biliary tract disease. Gall stones are unusual in most tropical settings. Acute pancreatitis is overall unusual, but chronic calcific pancreatitis can present as an acute abdominal emergency.
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PMID:Gastroenterological emergencies in the tropics. 176 26

A study was conducted of travelers' diarrhea in a United States military population on deployment in Cairo, Egypt, during July and August 1987. Acute diarrhea requiring medical attention developed in 183 (4%) of 4,500 troops. A possible etiologic agent was identified in 49% of all diarrhea cases. Enteric pathogens associated with cases of diarrhea included: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (17% ST-producers, 13% LT-producers, and 3% LT/ST-producers); Shigella (9%); Campylobacter spp. (2%); Salmonella (2%); and Vibrio cholerae non-01 serogroup (2%). Other enteric pathogens isolated from one episode each of diarrhea included Aeromonas hydrophila group, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Bacillus cereus. Yersinia enterocolitica, enteroinvasive E. coli, intoxications by Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile, and pathogenic enteric parasites were not found in any of the 183 patients with diarrhea. A survey of military personnel not requesting medical care indicated that up to 40% of troops may have had diarrhea during this deployment. Acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in U.S. military personnel deployed to Egypt.
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PMID:Travelers' diarrhea among United States military personnel during joint American-Egyptian armed forces exercises in Cairo, Egypt. 190 Jan 13

This article reviews current recommendations of therapy with antidiarrheal compounds and antimicrobial agents for acute infectious diarrhea in children. In most infants and children with acute infectious diarrhea, treatment with antidiarrheal compounds is not indicated. Many of these compounds interfere with identification of enteropathogens in stool specimens, and the antimotility class has an overdose potential. Antimicrobial therapy is given to reduce symptoms and to prevent the spread of infection by decreasing fecal shedding of organisms. Although effective therapy is not available for patients with enteric viruses, Cryptosporidium, and Microsporidium, therapy is useful for children with amebiasis, antimicrobial-associated colitis, cholera, giardiasis, various forms of Escherichia coli diarrhea and Salmonella disease, isosporiasis, shigellosis, and strongyloidiasis. For several other conditions, antimicrobial therapy is of questionable benefit (infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Yersinia enterocolitica, intestinal salmonellosis and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection). Compounds such as the fluoroquinolones, which are effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in adults, are not approved for use in children because of potential side effects. Many bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms cause acute infectious diarrhea; appropriate antimicrobial therapy requires the accurate, rapid identification of the offending enteropathogen. In children with an underlying illness such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, manifestations may be prolonged, severe, and recurrent despite appropriate therapy.
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PMID:Therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children. 200 52

In the early 1980s, microbiologists could isolate the causative agent of diarrhea in only 20% of cases, but now they can isolate an agent in about 80% of cases. Since then, they have identified more enteropathogens. In fact, 25 enteropathogens cause disease. Shigella species tend to afflict people in unhygienic areas with watery or mucoid diarrhea. They tend to strike infants during weaning. They often are resistant to several drugs, particularly nalidixic acid. IN 1984, S. dynsenteriae type 1 struck people in West Bengal, Assam, and Orissa, India. Salmonella species are other common agents of diarrhea. Unlike Shigella species, the infective dose for Salmonella is rather small. Food is the chief mode of transmission. In the early 1990s, they were responsible for considerable diarrhea morbidity in parts of West Bengal. birds carry Campylobacter, but person to person transmission occurs in nurseries. Studies in Calcutta indicate considerable asymptomatic infection of C. jejuni in 5 year old children. The enterotoxin of several types of Vibrio cholerae continues to cause outbreaks of profuse watery diarrhea. Vibrio parahaemolyticus dwells in marine animals and infection favors adults. In Calcutta, it is the 2nd most common health hazard and is present year round. Different strains of Escherichia coli cause diarrhea including enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent E. coli.. A study published in 1984 indicates that, in Calcutta, enterotoxigenic E. coli was present in 12.1% of the feces of diarrhea patients from all age groups. Yersinia and Aeromonas species are also bacteria which cause diarrhea. Rotavirus is a common virus causing diarrhea. In India, Manipur and Calicut experience rotavirus epidemics every winter. Protozoans also cause significant diarrhea including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium species.
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PMID:Etiological agents of diarrhoea. 210 88

The gene ctxB encoding the cholera toxin B subunit was subcloned to design its production by Yersinia enterocolitica. It was joined in two ways to yopH, a gene of the virulence plasmid pYV specific to this genus. This gene encodes one of the major Yop proteins (YopH) secreted by bacteria incubated at 37 degrees C in a Ca(2+)-deprived medium. In a first construction, an operon fusion was obtained between ctxB and yopH so that CT-B and a truncated YopH protein were produced. The recombinant CT-B from Y. enterocolitica was structurally and antigenically similar to CT-B produced by Vibrio cholerae. In another construction, the fusion gene obtained directed the production of YopH'/CT-B hybrid proteins that were secreted by Y. enterocolitica. In both cases, Y. enterocolitica directed the production of the recombinant proteins only when the bacteria were incubated in conditions of Yops production. When bacteria carrying the operon fusion were given orally to mice, a clear serum antibody response against CT-B was detected by ELISA. According to immunoblot analysis, this response was only directed against the polymeric form of the B subunit.
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PMID:Delivery of the cholera toxin B subunit by using a recombinant Yersinia enterocolitica strain as a live oral carrier. 210 83

The sensitivity in vitro of 348 strains of 18 enteropathogen agents to furazolidone was investigated during the period of 1987-1989. All strains of Shigella sonnei (17), S. flexneri (17), S. boydii (16), Escherichia coli enteropathogen (40), E. coli enteroinvasive (20), Campylobacter jejuni (50), Vibrio cholerae 01 (5), Vibrio cholerae non 01 (5), V. parahaemolyticus (5), V. alginolyticus (2), Aeromonas hydrophila (5), A. caviae (5), A. sobria (5), and Plesiomonas shigelloides (12) were sensitive (MIC < or = 8 mg/l), except a strains of E. coli enteropathogen (MIC 16 mg/l). The 15.5% of the 51 strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to the type I isolated between 1987 and 1989 were resistant (MIC > or = 16 mg/l). A similar degree of resistance was observed in 20 strains of this agent isolated between 1978 and 1980. The 30 strains of Yersinia (including 15 strains of Y. enterocolitica 03) presented extreme values of MICs of 8 and 16 mg/l.
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PMID:[Sensitivity of enteropathogenic bacteria to furazolidone]. 215 85

A survey was carried out over 1 year in a rural area of Ghana on the isolation, detection and/or identification of enteric pathogens from children under 5 years of age with and without diarrhoea. The isolation and detection rate of Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Giardia lamblia and Rotavirus were higher in children with diarrhoea than in controls. Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not isolated during the period of this survey. The incidence of other enteropathogenic bacteria and parasites identified in the diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal children was calculated and is discussed in this study.
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PMID:Survey of enteropathogenic agents in children with and without diarrhoea in Ghana. 227 6

The in vitro activity of norfloxacin was compared to that of ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole (1/20), and erythromycin, against 272 clinical isolates of gastro-intestinal pathogens. Norfloxacin was the most active compound of those tested with MICs in the range 0.004-2 mg/l. Concentrations inhibiting 90% of the strains (MIC 90) were 0.008 mg/l for Vibrio cholerae, 0.016 mg/l for Aeromonas hydrophila, 0.032 mg/l for Vibrio cholerae non 01, 0.064 mg/l for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica 03, enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli and Shigella species, 0.125 mg/l for Salmonella species, and 0.5 mg/l for Campylobacter species. Resistance to one or several of the other drugs was seen with higher or lower frequency in all the bacterial species tested. No cross-resistance between any of the other agents and norfloxacin was recorded.
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PMID:In vitro activity of norfloxacin and other antibacterial agents against gastro-intestinal pathogens isolated in Sweden. 230 51

The 70-kilobase pYV plasmid of Yersinia enterocolitica encodes a set of proteins called Yops that are produced during infection. To use Y. enterocolitica as a live carrier to present the cholera toxin B (CT-B) subunit to the immune system, we constructed an operon fusion between ctxB and the yop51 gene. This operon fusion was either cloned on an RSF1010-derived plasmid or integrated into the pYV plasmid itself. In Y. enterocolitica, both constructions directed the synthesis of free CT-B only under conditions of Yops production, i.e., at 37 degrees C in a medium deprived of Ca2+. Bacteria containing both types of recombinant plasmids were given orally to mice. A serum antibody response against CT-B was detected in both cases. A secretory immunoglobulin A activity specific to CT-B was also observed in the intestinal secretions. According to immunoblot analysis, the serum antibody response was only directed against the polymeric form of the B subunit. The ctxB gene was also inserted in frame within yop51, giving a chimeric Yop51-CT-B protein that was secreted into the surrounding medium. In this case, however, no antibody response was observed after oral inoculation of mice. This lack of response probably results from the inability of the hybrid protein to assemble into the polymeric form of the B subunit.
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PMID:Oral immunization of mice with a live recombinant Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 strain that produces the cholera toxin B subunit. 237 Jan


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