Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0008354 (cholera)
 20,452 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts, calf kidney and BHK cells for 30 minutes with the enzyme neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae causes an enhancement of the per cent of attached NDV virions. This enhancement does not depend on the multiplicity of infection. The quantity of spontaneously eluted and cellbound virus is two times greater than the quantity of the same virus derived from control cells. N-acetyl-neuramin lactose inhibits the effect of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. After prolonged action of this enzyme, the quantity of adsorbed NDV diminishes. Treatment of the same cells with neuraminidase from influenza virus decreases the per cent of adsorbed NDV with respect to controls. The other paramyxovirus--bovine parainfluenza 3 virus adsorbs also more intensively on cells treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. It is suggested that partial hydrolysis of NANA molecules causes a rearrangement of the cell surface charged groups and thus allows a more effective contact between paramyxoviruses and the cell.
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PMID:Cell receptors for paramyxoviruses. 19 41

A biomedical survey was conducted in several areas of Irian Jaya, Indonesia in July 1972 in association with an investigation of reports of a cholera outbreak. Stool specimens, blood smears and sera were collected and examined for evidence of parasitic as well as other infectious diseases. A total of 114 stools were examined and the most commonly found intestinal parasites were Trichuris trichiura (94%), Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), hookworm (58%), Entamoeba coli (15%), Endolimax nana (8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7), Entamoeba hartmanni (4%), Giardia lamblia (3%) and Chilomastix mesnili (3%). A total of 513 blood smears were examined and Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae were detected in 4% and malaria in 4% (Plasmodium falciparum 3%, Plasmodium vivax 2%). The malaria and filarial positive individuals lived in Beeuw, Waigeo and Arar, Sorong. These parasitic infections were not detected in people from Biak City and Sburia, Biak. Sera were collected from 357 persons and significant antibody titers were found for Entamoeba histolytica (4%) Toxoplasma gondii (7%), Influenza A2 Hong Kong 68 (65%), Influenza B Taiwan 68 (78%), Japanese encephalitis virus (87%) and Dengue 1 virus (79%).
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PMID:Biomedical survey in Irian Jaya (West Irian), Indonesia. 20 84

The carbohydrate components of influenza C virions grown in chicken kidney (CK) cells were analyzed by gel filtration following exhaustive digestion with Pronase. The [(3)H]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides were larger and more heterogeneous than those of influenza A/WSN virions; three major size classes (G(1), G(2), and G(3)) were resolved. Treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase caused a decrease in size of G(1) and G(2), along with release of about 16% of the (3)H label. The released sugar components were identified as N-acetylneuraminic acid by thin-layer chromatography. Peak G(3) was highly labeled with [(3)H]mannose, whereas G(1) and G(2) contained lower levels of mannose. The three major viral glycoproteins gp88, gp65, and gp30 were isolated from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and their glycopeptide components were analyzed after Pronase digestion. The three size classes of glycopeptides were obtained from any of the three glycoproteins; however, the relative amounts of the three components varied among the glycoproteins. Host cell-derived components, which appear to be mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins, were found associated with influenza C virions grown in CK cells. These components contained glycopeptides that were mainly of sizes similar to peak G(2) from influenza C virions. Previous studies have shown that influenza A/WSN virus grown in several cell types contained only two size classes of glycopeptides. Two size classes comparable to peaks G(2) and G(3) from influenza C virions were also observed in influenza A/WSN grown in CK cells. Thus the large G(1) glycopeptides appear to be characteristic of influenza C virions.
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PMID:Carbohydrate components of influenza C virions. 44 3

The emphasis of immunization programs and schedules has traditionally been directed to infants and children, since most of the vaccine-preventable diseases are seen predominantly in these age groups. Immunization procedures in adults are less well defined but still of importance. Diseases for which immunizations are given before disease exposure include tetanus, diphtheria, influenza, rubella, and mumps; travelers to foreign countries may need immunizations against typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, typhus, poliomyelitis, plague, and viral hepatitis; other vaccines are available before disease exposure in unusual epidemiologic situations. After exposure to disease but before onset of symptoms, immunizations are available for rabies, viral hepatitis, and measles. After the onset of clinical illness, passive immunization should be given for tetanus, diphtheria, and botulism. This paper summarizes current practices for active and passive immunization against these diseases in adults.
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PMID:Immunization for the internist. 98 17

One of the most important aspects of preparing travelers for destinations throughout the world is providing them with immunizations. Before administering any vaccines, however, a careful health and immunization history and travel itinerary should be obtained in order to determine vaccine indications and contraindications. There are three categories of immunizations for foreign travel. The first category includes immunizations which are routinely recommended whether or not the individual is traveling. Many travelers are due for primary vaccination or boosting against tetanus-diphtheria, measles-mumps-rubella, pneumococcal pneumonia, and influenza, for example, and the pre-travel visit is an ideal time to administer these. The second category are immunizations which might be required by a country as a condition for entry; these are yellow fever and cholera. The final category contains immunizations which are recommended because there is a risk of acquiring a particular disease during travel. Typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, rabies, and hepatitis are some examples. Travelers who are pregnant or who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus require special consideration. Provision of appropriate immunizations for foreign travel is an important aspect of preventing illness in travelers.
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PMID:Immunizations for foreign travel. 133 7

We investigated the effects of neuraminidase, a viral enzyme that cleaves alpha ketosidic cell-bound sialic acids, to see if it accounts for parainfluenza and influenza virus-induced airway hyperreactivity. Accordingly, Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase was administered intratracheally in guinea pigs, and airway reactivity was assessed 3 h later. Removal of sialic acid residues was evaluated by histologic studies. Airway responsiveness was determined in anesthetized, tracheotomized, and mechanically ventilated guinea pigs by exposing them to increasing concentrations of aerosolized bronchoconstrictor agents. Respiratory system conductance was measured by the occlusion method. Neuraminidase injected intratracheally did not change airway reactivity to 10(-4) to 10(-2) M acetylcholine or 10(-4) to 2.5 x 10(-3) M histamine; nor did it prevent aerosolized albuterol from inhibiting histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Substance P (10(-6) to 5 x 10(-5) M) had no significant bronchoconstrictor effect on guinea pigs pretreated with saline or neuraminidase. In guinea pigs pretreated with aerosols of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor phosphoramidon (10(-4) M) before the concentration curve to aerosolized substance P was recorded, neuraminidase significantly reduced substance P-induced bronchoconstriction. When bronchoconstriction was induced by the 4-11 fragment of substance P (10(-5) to 10(-2) M), which is devoid of positive charges, it did not differ significantly in guinea pigs pretreated with saline and those pretreated with neuraminidase. These results indicate that in the guinea pig, neuraminidase injected intratracheally does not induce non-specific airway hyperreactivity and may alter the binding of substance P to its receptors.
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PMID:Effects of neuraminidase on airway reactivity in the guinea pig. 137 96

Equine alpha 2-macroglobulin (EM), known to contain both Neu5Ac and Neu4,5Ac2 sialic acid residues, was treated with Vibrio cholerae sialidase for the selective removal of Neu5Ac and was compared with the untreated EM for its binding by a panel of influenza viruses. Type A H3N2 virus strains having Leu in position 226 of their hemagglutinin (HA) changed the affinity for sialidase-treated EM only slightly, if at all, indicative of their ability to bind the 4-O-Ac-substituted Neu5Ac receptor determinant. At the same time, all B and H1N1 viruses, some H2N2 variants, as well as H3N2 strains with 226 Gln studied were unable to recognize Neu4,5Ac2 moieties of EM. Molecular modeling based on the known 3-D structure of H3 HA complexed with sialyllactose (Weis et al. (1988) Nature 333, 426-431) predicts that the 4-O-Ac substituent of sialic acid would protrude with its carbonyl oxygen inside the receptor-binding site of HA, thus possibly interfering with binding.
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PMID:Influenza viruses differ in recognition of 4-O-acetyl substitution of sialic acid receptor determinant. 137 85

This manuscript describes the design of new vaccines based on synthetic peptides. To this end, we first analyze the structural basis of antigenic reactivity and specificity and the various types of epitopes that form the mosaics of macromolecular antigens, as well as the regulatory mechanisms involved in immune recognition. A distinction is made between sequential or continuous epitopes, and discontinuous or conformational ones, which are the majority of epitopes in globular proteins. In this context it is of particular interest to identify epitopes reacting with B cells and T cells, respectively, or with cytotoxic T cells, in association with the major histocompatibility cell-surface antigens, and the role of these interactions in protective immunity. Identification of such epitopes in proteins of viral, bacterial, or parasitic organisms led to the synthesis of peptides, which when used in conjunction with appropriate carriers and/or adjuvants induced neutralizing antibodies. Particular examples are described, including: bacterial epitopes and mainly those of toxins of diphtheria, cholera, and shigella, leading not only to neutralizing antibodies but also to protective immunity against the deleterious effects of the respective toxins; parasite epitopes, such as those leading to anti-malaria vaccine, based on either the sporozoite or the merozoite stage antigens; viral epitopes leading to protective immunity, with special emphasis on influenza virus where induction of CTL is crucial; and finally, synthetic peptide vaccines against HIV, which should lead to broad specificity protective immunity while avoiding the risks of a vaccine based on the infectious agent. The rapid recent progress in this field, as described in this review, increases the prospect of constructing successful synthetic peptide vaccines in the not too distant future.
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PMID:Structural basis of antigenic specificity and design of new vaccines. 138 42

The development is outlined of some synthetic vaccines against infectious diseases, in particular cholera, shigella and influenza. In the last case, use of the synthetic adjuvant MDP in combination with a haemagglutinin peptide has led to a synthetic vaccine with built-in adjuvanticity. The production of vaccines both by chemical synthesis and genetic engineering is described. The successful use of the synthetic amino acid copolymer COP-1 as an immunomodulatory vaccine to suppress the onset of allergic encephalomyelitis in experimental animals has led to clinical trials with patients suffering from exacerbating remitting multiple sclerosis. T-cell vaccination is an alternative approach to immunization against autoimmune diseases.
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PMID:Synthetic approaches to vaccines for infectious and autoimmune diseases. 147 27

Intranasal (i.n.) vs. subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine was systematically compared in BALB/c mice. Mice were immunized with different vaccines, together with cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant, and 4 weeks later were challenged with either a small (2 microliters) or a large (20 microliters) volume of mouse-adapted A/Guizhou-X (H3N2) virus, each of which gave virgin mice either a nasal or a lung predominant infection. Both i.n. and s.c. inoculations of A/Guizhou-X vaccine conferred almost complete protection against both challenges, i.n. inoculation of A/Fukuoka (H3N2) or A/Sichuan (H3N2) vaccine conferred almost complete cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge and a partial cross-protection against 20-microliters challenge, whereas the s.c. inoculation conferred no cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge with a partial cross-protection against 20-microliters challenge. Moreover, i.n. immunization of PR8 (H1N1) vaccine gave a slight cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge, while the s.c. inoculation did not. The degree of protection was easily improved by i.n. inoculation of higher doses of vaccine, but not by the s.c. inoculation. In parallel with the protection, the i.n. vaccination produced a high level of cross-reacting IgA and IgG antibody to A/Guizhou-X HA in nasal and broncho-alveolar washes, while the s.c. vaccination produced the cross-reacting IgG antibody alone. Thus, i.n. inoculation with inactivated vaccines, which induces cross-reacting anti-HA IgA antibody as well as IgG antibody, is more effective than s.c. vaccination for providing cross-protection against drift viruses.
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PMID:Superior cross-protective effect of nasal vaccination to subcutaneous inoculation with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine. 153 82


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