Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007570 (celiac disease)
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The influence of methanol in methanol-water mixed eluents on the capacity factor (k'), an important parameter which could depict leaching potential of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in soil leaching column chromatography (SLCC), was investigated. Two reference soils, GSE 17201 obtained from Bayer Landwirtschaftszentrum, Monheim, Germany and SP 14696 from LUFA, Spencer, Germany, were used as packing materials in soil columns, and isocratic elution with methanol-water mixtures at different volume fractions of methanol (phi) were tested. Short-term exposure of the column (packed with the GSE 17201 soil) to the eluents increased solute retention by a certain (23% log-unit) degree evaluated through a correlation with the retention on the same soil column but unpreconditioned by methanol-containing eluents. Long-term exposure of soil columns to the eluents did not influence the solute retention. A log-linear equation, log k' = log k'(w) - S(phi), could well and generally describe the retention of HOCs in SLCC. For the compounds of homologous series, logk'(w) had good linear relationship with S, indicating the hydrophobic partition mechanism existing in the retention process.
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PMID:Influence of methanol on retention of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soil leaching column chromatography. 1213 52

Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids have been reported to prevent the progression of experimentally induced cataracts. However, little is known of the effect of procyanidins, a powerful antioxidant, on cataract formation. This paper investigates the anticataract activity of grape seed extract (GSE, which contains 38.5% procyanidins) in hereditary cataractous rats (ICR/f rats). The ICR/f rats were fed a standard diet containing 0 or 0.213% GSE [0.082% procyanidins in the diet (w/w)] for 27 days. The GSE significantly prevented and postponed development of cataract formation by evaluation of slit lamp observations of the rats' eyes. Lens weight and malondialdehyde concentration in the lens and plasma cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (ChE-OOH) level induced by CuSO4 were significantly lower in the GSE group compared with the control group. The rats were also fed for 14 days either the diet containing 0.085% procyanidin dimer to tetramer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins), the diet containing 0.090% procyanidin pentamer to heptamer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins), or the diet containing 0.093% procyanidin oligomers more than decamer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins). The ChE-OOH levels in the procyanidin pentamer to heptamer and procyanidin oligomers more than decamer groups were significantly lower than in the procyanidin dimer to tetramer group. These results suggested that procyanidins and their antioxidative metabolites prevented the progression of cataract formation by their antioxidative action. The larger molecular procyanidins in the GSE might contribute this anticataract activity.
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PMID:Procyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds prevents cataract formation in hereditary cataractous (ICR/f) rats. 1216 94

Research efforts dealing with chemical transportation in soils are needed to prevent damage to ground water. Methanol-containing solvents can increase the translocation of nonionic organic chemicals (NOCs). In this study, a general log-linear retention equation, log k' = log k'w - Sphi (Eq. [1]), was developed to describe the mobilities of NOCs in soil column chromatography (SCC). The term phi denotes the volume fraction of methanol in eluent, k' is the capacity factor of a solute at a certain phi value, and log k'w and -S are the intercept and slope of the log k' vs. phi plot. Two reference soils (GSE 17204 and GSE 17205) were used as packing materials, and were eluted by isocratic methanol-water mixtures. A model of linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) was applied to analyze the k' from molecular interactions. The most important factor determining the transportation was found to be the solute hydrophobic partition in soils, and the second-most important factor was the solute hydrogen-bond basicity (hydrogen-bond accepting ability), while the less important factor was the solute dipolarity-polarizability. The solute hydrogen-bond acidity (hydrogen-bond donating ability) was statistically unimportant and deletable. From the LSER model, one could also obtain Eq. [1]. The experimental k' data of 121 NOCs can be accurately explained by Eq. [1]. The equation is promising to estimate the solute mobility in pure water by extrapolating from lower-capacity factors obtained in methanol-water mixed eluents.
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PMID:Retention equations of nonionic organic chemicals in soil column chromatography with methanol-water eluents. 1246 47

A method for quantification of tannins in wine was adapted to determine tannins added to turkey meat. Standard curves containing varying amounts of GSE [0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 5.0%, (w/w)] as a source of tannins were developed. The R(2) value of the mean standard curve was 0.9992. The overall percent recovery of GSE in meat was determined to be 54.78%. Results showed that estimation of GSE in four out of five of the spiked samples was less than or equal to 10%. It is unclear as to why spiked samples at 0.048 mg of GSE were always underestimated (25.0%). Overall, the method seems applicable for estimation of tannins in poultry meat and is probably applicable to estimation of tannins in other meat products.
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PMID:An assay to estimate tannins added to postmortem Turkey meat. 1458 53

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.
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PMID:Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment. 1464 57

Dietary intake of many fruits and vegetables has been shown to be associated with reduced risk of cancer. We investigated the in vivo efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE, patented as Traconol) against prostate cancer (PCA) and associated molecular events. Athymic nude mice were implanted with hormone-refractory human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells and fed with 100 and 200 mg/kg/day (5 days/week) doses of GSE for 7 weeks. At the end of experiment, tumors were immunohistochemically analyzed for cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Our data show that GSE feeding strongly inhibited tumor growth that accounted for 59-73% (p < 0.001) inhibition in tumor volume and 37-47% (p < 0.05) decrease in tumor weight at the end of the experiment. It did not show any significant change in body weight gain profile and diet consumption. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors showed that GSE decreases proliferation index by 51-66% (p < 0.001) and increases apoptotic index by 3-4-fold (p < 0.001). CD31 staining for endothelial cells, showed decrease in intratumoral microvasculature in GSE-fed group of mice. Control tumors showed 64.0 +/- 1.6 CD31 positive cells/400x field compared to 23.2 +/- 0.9 and 15.7 +/- 0.08 (p < 0.001) CD31 positive cells in 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of GSE-treated tumors, respectively. GSE strongly inhibited (47-70%, p < 0.05) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in conditioned medium by DU145 cells. Recently, the circulating level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 is shown to inversely related with PCA risk, growth and prognosis. Consistent with this, we observed 6-7-fold (p < 0.001) increase in tumor-secreted levels of IGFBP-3 after GSE feeding. In other immunohistochemical studies, compared to controls, tumor xenografts from GSE-fed groups of mice showed a moderate decrease in VEGF but an increase in IGFBP-3 levels. These findings suggest that GSE possesses in vivo anticancer efficacy against hormone-refractory human PCA, which is associated with its antiproliferative, proapoptotic and antiangiogenic activities together with upregulation of IGFBP-3.
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PMID:Grape seed extract inhibits advanced human prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. 1469

Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. To better understand the genetic basis of this disease, we performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) on four primary GC samples and one associated lymph node metastasis. We obtained a total of 137,706 expressed tags (Gene Expression Omnibus accession number GSE 545, SAGE Hiroshima gastric cancer tissue), including 38,903 that were unique. Comparing tags from our GC libraries containing different stages and different histologies, we found several genes and tags that are potentially involved in invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis. Among these, we selected 27 genes and measured mRNA expression levels in an additional 46 GC samples by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Frequently overexpressed genes (tumor/normal ratio > 2) were COL1A1 (percentage of cases with overexpression, 78.3%), CDH17 (73.9%), APOC1 (67.4%), COL1A2 (58.7%), YF13H12 (52.2%), CEACAM6 (50.0%), APOE (50.0%), REGIV (47.8%), S100A11 (41.3%), and FUS (41.3%). Among these genes, mRNA expression levels of CDH17 and APOE were associated with depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.0060 and P = 0.0139, respectively), and those of FUS and APOE were associated with degree of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0416 and P = 0.0006, respectively). In addition, mRNA expression levels of FUS, COL1A1, COL1A2, and APOE were associated with stage (P = 0.0414, P = 0.0156, P = 0.0395, and P = 0.0125, respectively). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis also showed a high level of REGIV expression (>100 arbitrary units) in 14 of 46 GC samples (30.4%) but not in noncancerous tissues. We detected V5-tagged RegIV protein in the culture media of cells transfected with pcDNA-RegIV-V5 by Western blot. Our results provide a list of candidate genes that are potentially involved in invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis of GC. REGIV may serve as a specific biomarker for GC.
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PMID:Gene expression profile of gastric carcinoma: identification of genes and tags potentially involved in invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis by serial analysis of gene expression. 1505 91

A previously identified set of short cDNA fragments (genetic suppressor elements, GSEs) expressed in human HT1080 cells protects them against several chemotherapeutic drugs. We show here that DNA damaging agent cytosine arabinoside can induce apoptosis in GSE-containing drug-resistant derivatives (M125 cells) of HT1080, suggesting that apoptotic pathways are preserved in M125. We also show that both parental cells and M125 constitutively express Fas ligand and TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, thus pre-disposing cells to apoptosis. In both cell lines, induction of apoptosis requires simultaneous treatment with low doses of cycloheximide (CHX) and death ligands, however, drug-resistant M125 are substantially more resistant to this treatment. Expression of survivin and decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) is lower in parental cells and is further decreased by CHX. In resistant M125 cell, both survivin and DcR1 are overexpressed even after CHX treatment, which can explain relative resistance of these cells. Thus, apoptosis remains intact in cells with resistance-inducing GSE, suggesting that apoptosis inhibitors can be targeted by anti-cancer therapy in drug-resistant tumors.
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PMID:Overexpression of DcR1 and survivin in genetically modified cells with pleiotropic drug resistance. 1521 42

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiatherosclerotic effect of commercially available phenolic-rich extracts from grape seeds (ExGrape seeds, EGS; grape seed extract, GSE) and marc (ExGrape total, EGT) in cholesterol-fed hamsters and to investigate possible operating mechanisms. These extracts fed at a moderate dose mimicking two glasses of red wine per meal reduced plasma cholesterol (-11% on average) but did not affect plasma antioxidant capacity of hamsters. The extracts prevented the development of aortic atherosclerosis by 68% (EGS), 63% (EGT), and 34% (GSE). Elsewhere, in an ex vivo experiment using rat aortic rings, EGS (7 microg/mL) induced 77% endothelium-dependent relaxation, whereas EGT and GSE (30 microg/mL) induced 84 and 72%, respectively. These results suggests that phenolic extracts from grape seeds and marc are beneficial in inhibiting atherosclerosis by indirect mechanism(s).
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PMID:Phenolics from commercialized grape extracts prevent early atherosclerotic lesions in hamsters by mechanisms other than antioxidant effect. 1529 11

Reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses with increased synthesis of ET-1 (endothelin-1) are characteristics of endothelial dysfunction in heart failure and are predictive of mortality. Identification of treatments that correct these abnormalities may have particular benefit for patients who become refractory to current regimens. Hawthorn preparations have a long history in the treatment of heart failure. Therefore we tested their inhibitory effects on ET-1 synthesis by cultured endothelial cells. These actions were compared with that of GSE (grape seed extract), as the vasoactive components of both these herbal remedies are mainly oligomeric flavan-3-ols called procyanidins. This showed extracts of hawthorn and grape seed were equipotent as inhibitors of ET-1 synthesis. GSE also produced a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator response on preparations of isolated aorta. Suppression of ET-1 synthesis at the same time as induction of endothelium-dependent vasodilation is a similar response to that triggered by laminar shear stress. Based on these results and previous findings, we hypothesize that through their pharmacological properties procyanidins stimulate a pseudo laminar shear stress response in endothelial cells, which helps restore endothelial function and underlies the benefit from treatment with hawthorn extract in heart failure.
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PMID:The procyanidin-induced pseudo laminar shear stress response: a new concept for the reversal of endothelial dysfunction. 1532 99


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