Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007222 (cardiovascular disease)
 65,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Men who are more active live longer, but it is not clear if the same is true for women. We monitored 1404 women aged 50 to 74 who were free of cardiovascular disease. We assessed physical activity levels and ranked subjects into quartiles. After 16 years, 319 (23%) women had died. The relative risk of mortality, compared to the least active quartile, was as follows: second quartile, 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 1.26); third quartile, 0.63 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.86); most active quartile, 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.92). The relative risks were not changed by adjustment for cardiac risk factors, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cancer or by excluding all subjects who died in the first 6 years (to eliminate occult disease at baseline). There was no association between activity levels and cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. We conclude that women who were more active lived longer; this effect was not the result of decreased cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Physical activity and mortality in women in the Framingham Heart Study. 794 78

Estimates of the smoking-attributable morbidity, mortality, and economic costs for Connecticut for 1989 were made using software distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The software calculations are based on relative risks for smoking-related diseases from major prospective studies. Using smoking prevalence, mortality, population, and health-care expenditure data for the state, 19.3% of all deaths in Connecticut in 1989 were estimated to be related to smoking. Cardiovascular disease and cancer accounted for the largest number of these estimated deaths. Men who died from smoking-related deaths lost an estimated 11.6 years of life while women died an estimated 12.8 years prematurely from smoking-related causes. The total cost, including direct and indirect smoking-related costs, was estimated to be $944 million, or $287 for each man, woman, and child in the state.
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PMID:The public health impact and economic cost of smoking in Connecticut--1989. 804 17

The Honolulu Heart Program continues to follow a cohort of Japanese-American men initially aged 45-68 years, of whom 4,000 had three acceptable measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) between 1965 and 1974 and were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The 6-year rate of change (slope) in FEV1 was calculated using a within-person linear regression method. Men were divided into tertiles based on the rate of change in FEV1. During 17 subsequent years of follow-up, 796 deaths occurred. The tertile with the greatest rate of decline in FEV1 (mean, -61 ml/year) had the highest age-adjusted total mortality rate (17.3/1,000 person-years), followed by rates of 13.2 for the middle tertile (mean, -25 ml/year) and 11.0 for men with the smallest change in FEV1 (mean, +9 ml/year) (test for trend, p < 0.0001). Using the Cox model, comparing the tertile with the smallest change in FEV1 as a reference group with the tertile with the greatest decline in FEV1, and after adjusting for age, hypertension, smoking, body mass index, alcohol intake, diabetes mellitus, and cholesterol, the authors found the relative risk (RR) for total mortality to be 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-1.77). After stratification by smoking status, this association remained significant for past smokers (RR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.31-2.14), as well as for the low, < or = 42 (RR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.05-2.03), and high, > 42 (RR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.20-2.02), pack-year groups. An increased risk was also present for current smokers (RR = 1.29), but it was of borderline significance (p = 0.08). No association was found among never smokers. These data suggest that the rate of decline in FEV1 is a predictor of total mortality among smokers.
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PMID:Pulmonary function decline and 17-year total mortality: the Honolulu Heart Program. 806 32

The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors was studied in 413 men aged 70-89, the survivors of the Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Men were divided into five categories according to manifestations of prevalent CVD: I, history or ECG evidence of previous myocardial infarction (MI; 48 men, 12%); II, typical angina pectoris (AP; 56 men, 14%); III, other ischaemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (82 men, 20%); IV, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, intermittent claudication or minor ECG changes (other CVD; 78 men, 19%); V, free of CVD (149 men, 36%). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lowest in men with previous MI and in men free of CVD, and highest in men with other ischaemic ECG changes (P = 0.017). Low HDL-cholesterol (< 0.9 mmol/l) was more prevalent and the total/HDL-cholesterol ratio and triglyceride levels were higher in men with prevalent CHD (P < 0.05). Total and LDL-cholesterol, smoking, body mass index, fibrinogen, coagulation factor VIIc, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein(a) were not associated with prevalent CVD. The results show that manifestations of CHD and CVD are common among elderly Finnish men. Low HDL-cholesterol, total/HDL ratio, triglycerides and hypertension were associated with manifest CVD cross-sectionally.
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PMID:Prevalence of coronary heart disease and associated risk factors among elderly Finnish men in the Seven Countries Study. 814 50

To study demographic, anthropometric and metabolic determinants of weight change, we divided a random sample of 1493 Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites into two groups: weight gainers and weight losers. This classification was based on the weight change during the eight-year follow-up of participants of the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based longitudinal study of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Men gained significantly less weight and lost more weight than women. The average gains for weight gainers were 6.1 kg and 6.8 kg for men and women respectively; and the average losses for weight losers were 4.4 and 3.4 kg for men and women respectively. There was no ethnic difference in either category of weight change. Weight gainers were significantly younger and leaner than weight losers. Fasting insulin was the only independent metabolic predictor of weight change and only among the most obese tertile of the population: the higher the baseline levels of fasting insulin, the less the likelihood of gaining and the greater the likelihood of losing weight. Our results support the hypothesis that insulin resistance is part of a negative feedback mechanism that attenuates further weight gain among the obese.
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PMID:Predictors of weight change in a bi-ethnic population. The San Antonio Heart Study. 814 29

The tripeptide glutathione is proposed to be protective against a number of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, there have been few studies of plasma glutathione levels in humans and in those studies the numbers of participants have been very small. In an exploratory analysis the determinants of plasma total glutathione (GSHt) were investigated in a group of 100 volunteers aged 18-61 years in Atlanta, Georgia, USA during June and July 1989. Data on demographic and health-related factors were collected by interview and plasma GSHt was measured using a recently modified laboratory method. The mean concentration of plasma GSHt for all 100 participants was 761 micrograms/l, with a standard deviation of 451 micrograms/l, a range of 86-2889 micrograms/l and a median of 649 micrograms/l. Men had significantly higher levels of plasma GSHt than women (924 v. 692 micrograms/l; P = 0.006). Seventh-day Adventists participating in the present study had higher plasma GSHt levels than other subgroups defined by race and/or religion. Among Seventh-day Adventists consumption of a vegetarian diet was associated with increased plasma GSHt concentration (P = 0.002). Plasma GSHt levels also appeared to vary by race, but relationships with race could not be clearly disassociated from relationships with religion. Among white participants plasma GSHt concentration decreased with age in women but increased with age in men (P = 0.05). Few other factors were associated with plasma GSHt concentration, although use of oral contraceptives (P = 0.10) was somewhat associated with decreased plasma GSHt levels. These findings suggest that plasma GSHt levels may vary with several demographic and health-related attributes and support the need for further research on this potentially important disease-preventive compound.
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PMID:Plasma total glutathione in humans and its association with demographic and health-related factors. 829 17

We evaluated a Preventive Cardiology Academic Award (PCAA) program designed to integrate preventive cardiology concepts into the medical school curriculum. Diet, preventive cardiology knowledge, preventive cardiology attitudes, exercise behavior, and body mass index were compared at entrance to medical school and during the graduation year. Complete data were available on 94 students (65 men and 29 women). Similar data from students who graduated in 1987, prior to the introduction of the PCAA curriculum, served as a control. Women showed a significant enhancement in attitude towards cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, while both men and women significantly increased their knowledge about CVD prevention. The frequency of planned physical activity decreased significantly in both sexes and men showed a significant increase in body mass index. Men significantly reduced total calories, percent of calories from fat and saturated fat and dietary cholesterol and increased fiber intake. In women, the only significant reduction was in total calories. In comparison to the control class that did not have the program, men receiving the PCAA curriculum reduced dietary cholesterol, dietary fat, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat. Changes in these dietary parameters were nonsignificant for women in comparison to the control class women. Additional analyses showed no systematic secular trends in dietary or other variables in classes entering from 1986 to 1990. We conclude that the PCAA curriculum changes have favorably affected the preventive cardiology knowledge, attitudes and diet of medical students.
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PMID:Effects of a preventive cardiology curriculum on behavioral cardiovascular risk factors and knowledge of medical students. 833 1

Aerobic exercise training studies involving volunteers generally result in an improved cardiovascular risk factor profile. Little is known, however, about associations between physical activity change and risk factor change in a more representative sample, such as a community. This investigation evaluated correlations between a composite physical activity change score and change in cardiovascular risk factors from 1979 to 1985 in the cohort sample of the Stanford Five-City Project. Men (n = 380) and women (n = 427) between the ages of 18 and 74 years were evaluated for change in self-reported physical activity and change in total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), systolic blood pressure, resting pulse rate, and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2). For men, improvement in the composite physical activity score significantly correlated with an increase in HDL cholesterol (r = 0.14, p = 0.005) and decreases in body mass index (r = -0.16, p = 0.001) and estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk score (r = -0.10, p = 0.056). For women, improvement in the physical activity score was associated with changes in HDL cholesterol (r = 0.11, p = 0.028) and resting pulse rate (r = -0.15, p = 0.001). These data demonstrate that an increase in physical activity over 5 years is favorably associated with changes in major cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women and support the public health efficacy of community-wide promotion of physical activity.
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PMID:Associations between changes in physical activity and risk factors for coronary heart disease in a community-based sample of men and women: the Stanford Five-City Project. 835 62

This study examined the influence of educational achievement and occupational position on changes in risk behavior. Study population were 3753 men and women aged 25-64 years who were sampled by the first MONICA Augsburg Survey (Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease). The subjects were sampled in 1984-85, were followed up for three years, and were reexamined in 1987-88. The baseline findings showed for both men and women a statistically significant inverse association between current cigarette smoking and educational level. During the follow-up period the differences between highest and lowest educational levels increased significantly among men. In 1987-88 only 21% of the best educated men were smokers compared to 38% of those with the lowest educational level. Men with low educational levels also drank more alcohol than better educated men, whereas among women those with lowest educational level drank less alcohol than the better educated. Statistically independent of education and age it was found that male civil servants and farmers had the lowest proportion of smokers in cross-sectional as well as longitudinal analyses. Among women, smoking was and remained most prevalent in simple white-collar occupations. In general, the findings indicate that the type of occupation and the actual working conditions have effects on life-style related risk factors which are in part independent of a social gradient. The results also suggest that the tendency to change unhealthy behavior is less pronounced in "high risk" groups.
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PMID:[The effect of education and professional position on changes in cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption: results of the MONIKA Augsberg cohort study]. 837 90

Optimal body weight standards have most often been based on the relationship of relative weight to all cause mortality. This report proposes a strategy based on a more direct measure of adiposity, subscapular skinfolds and cardiovascular disease risk factors, rather than mortality. This approach provides a means for determining standards that are consistent with optimum cardiovascular health without the lengthy follow-up required for mortality studies. The report utilizes data on 2447 non-smoking men and women aged 20-59 years. Seven cardiovascular disease risk factors were significantly related to subscapular skinfold thickness in both sexes in an unfavourable direction. The optimal subscapular skinfolds based on these risk factors for 20-39 year olds were determined to be below 12 mm for men and 15 mm for women. Men and women who had subscapular skinfolds at or below the optimal level had a mean body mass index of 22.6 kg/m2 and 21.1 kg/m2 for men and women, respectively. The probability of being above the optimum adiposity rises rapidly across body mass index levels above 20 kg/m2 and plateaus at above 0.90 in both men and women with body mass index above 24 kg/m2. Thus, screening for above optimal adiposity is necessary only in individuals with body mass index at or below 24 kg/m2.
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PMID:A new approach for estimating healthy body weights. 839 77


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