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Query: UMLS:C0007222 (cardiovascular disease)
 65,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In spite of their important impact on populations, a number of diseases--all types of cancer and coronary heart disease in women--are "rare" events for statistical analysis and often analyzed in designs affected by selection and information biases, such as case-control studies. Large cohort studies based on the storage of biological specimens appear to be the most suitable solution for identifying risks for those diseases. Progetto ATENA, a study on the etiology of major chronic diseases in women is based on this design. Ten thousand women, aged 30-69 years, living in the area of the city of Naples, free of cancer and cardiovascular disease, are being recruited over a four-year period. Ten per cent of the cohort is being randomly selected from the electoral roles, the rest will be volunteers. Information on dietary habits, reproductive history, familiarity for chronic disease, active smoking habits and passive smoking exposure, physical activity, and socio-demographic data are being collected. Clinical data such as blood pressure, anthropometry, and electrocardiogram are also taken. All the participants provide biological samples of blood (fasting drawing) and urine (timed morning spot). The biological samples are processed in order to explore the main areas under study (nutritional markers, metabolism, endocrinology, genetics, environmental exposure markers, thrombogenesis). The samples are stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) as soon as the blood and urine processing have been finished. An appropriate follow-up information system on the health status of the participants is being set up to estimate incidence and mortality rates.
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PMID:Progetto ATENA, a study on the etiology of major chronic diseases in women: design, rationale and objectives. 139 31

1. To investigate the epidemiological relationship of dietary factors to blood pressure (BP) and major cardiovascular diseases, we carried out the international cooperative Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study, which so far involves 48 centers in 20 countries as of August 1991. From each population, 100 men and 100 women aged 50-54 years were randomly selected for BP measurement, 24-h urine collection, blood tests, and medical interview. Various biological markers of diets from urine and blood were analyzed centrally in the Izumo CARDIAC center. 2. Cross center analysis using simple linear regression revealed strong significant correlations of body mass index (BMI) to systolic BP (SBP; p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (DBP; p < 0.001) in men. 24-h urinary sodium (Na) excretion in men also showed significant correlations with SBP (p < 0.05) and DBP p < 0.05) even after controlling for the effect of BMI (SBP; p < 0.05, DBP; p < 0.05). 3. Within center analysis using multiple linear regression implied that BMI and Na strongly adversely affect BP, whereas magnesium may have beneficial influence on BP. 4. Multicolinearities among 24h urinary sodium, calcium, and urea nitrogen were noted in men.
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PMID:International cooperative study on the relationship between dietary factors and blood pressure: a preliminary report from the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study. The CARDIAC Cooperative Study Research Group. 140 30

Data from 49 men and 48 women included in the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study in Perth, Western Australia, were analyzed. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were positively correlated (p less than 0.01) with urine sodium, creatine, taurine, histidine, and 3-methyl histidine but not with calcium, magnesium, or potassium. SBP was related (p less than 0.01) with body mass index (BMI). Urine nitrogen, creatinine, and amino acids correlated (p less than 0.001) with each other and with urine sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Urine magnesium correlated (p less than 0.001) with urine calcium and potassium; urine calcium was not related significantly to urine sodium or potassium. In backwards multiple regression with data from urine collections, SBP was significantly related only to urine sodium (11.9% of variance explained). If alcohol was included as an independent variable, reducing the number of valid cases because of missing values, both alcohol and urine sodium were significant in regression (19.9% of variance explained). In men, DBP was significantly related to BMI and the ratio of 3-methylhistidine to creatine (23.7% of variance explained). For DBP in women, urine sodium was the only variable needed in regression (58.4% of variance explained). Interpretation must be cautious, because these analyses are based on relatively few cases and on single 24-h urine samples. The data are in keeping with suggestions that obesity, alcohol consumption, a meat diet, and sodium intake are important factors predisposing to elevation of blood pressure.
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PMID:Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study: preliminary analysis of data from Western Australia. 170 20

The relationship between blood pressure and dietary constituents including potassium, sodium, calcium, and protein was studied in 183 randomly selected men and women, 50-54 years of age. Twenty-five of the subjects were drug-controlled hypertensive patients. Subjects were investigated by automated BP measurements, 24-h urine collection, and blood sampling. Mean systolic BP (SBP) was 119 +/- 17 mm Hg, placing the sample between Shanghai and Sweden on the distribution chart of the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study. Salt intake estimated by 24-h sodium excretion was 8.5 +/- 3.4 g/day, between Australia and Okinawa on the distribution chart. Potassium was 48.55 +/- 20 20 mEq/day, between Urumqi (China), and Beppu and Ohda (Japan). Calcium was 162.3 +/- 89.9 mg/day. Urea nitrogen, which might reflect protein intake, was 9.5 +/- 3.1 g/day. Cholesterol was 195.1 +/- 38.1 mg/dl, between Brazil and Hirosaki. The Israeli results, as well as the data on other countries participating in the CARDIAC Study, show wide variability in the profiles generated by the investigated parameters. Each parameter placed Israel with a different CARDIAC Study group.
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PMID:Preliminary report of the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison Study: the Israeli experience. 170 21

As part of the international cooperative Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study, we carried out surveys for the relationship of dietary factors to blood pressure (BP) in 10 areas in China, (Altai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Guiyang, Hetian, Lhasa, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Tulufan, and Urumqi). Systolic BP and diastolic BP were significantly positively associated with salt excretion and body mass index. However, 3-methylhistidine divided by creatinine, and taurine divided by urea nitrogen in 24-h urine were significantly negatively associated with both BPs. These results suggest that meat protein intake may beneficially influence BP, whereas salt may adversely affect BP.
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PMID:Relationship between dietary factors and blood pressure in China. The Sino-Japan CARDIAC Cooperative Research Group. 170 29

Oxygen consumption calculated by the direct Fick method using a Swan-Ganz catheter (D-VO2) and indirect calorimetry using a metabolic computer (ID-VO2), carbon dioxide production calculated by the latter method, and respiratory quotient were determined pre- and postoperatively in 12 patients with acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and eight patients with acute ruptured intracranial aneurysm. The mean D-VO2 value was slightly lower than the mean ID-VO2 value, but had a significantly positive correlation. The regression curve was very close to the line of identity. The total metabolic expenditure can be calculated from D-VO2 and daily urinary nitrogen excretion. Direct calorimetry using a Swan-Ganz catheter is a simple method to evaluate metabolic expenditure in acute hemorrhagic cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Direct calorimetry using Swan-Ganz catheter for evaluation of general metabolic expenditure in acute cerebrovascular disease--comparison between direct Fick method and indirect calorimetry technique. 172 55

While there is still much debate in the literature regarding the specific MET levels at which there are differences in survival, the following points have become clear with the growing body of reports in the literature. Exercise capacity seems to be an independent predictor of mortality, and when it is combined with other clinical, exercise, or angiographic data, it becomes very powerful in this regard. This relates to both overall mortality and to that from cardiovascular disease. There is still a need for the establishment of mortality data related to MET levels adjusted for age and activity status. A low exercise capacity of less than 6 METs indicates a higher mortality group, probably regardless of the underlying extent of coronary disease or left ventricular function. Analysis of the CASS data has indicated that these patients benefit from coronary artery bypass surgery with respect to survival. An exercise capacity of greater than 10 METs designates an excellent survival group, again despite the extent of coronary artery disease or left ventricular function. If 10 METs truly exerts a "protective effect" that obviates any survival benefit from coronary artery bypass surgery, this has enormous implications for cost containment and medical care. It is nonetheless important to remember that this level of exercise capacity does not imply the absence of either coronary disease or triple-vessel coronary disease. Exercise capacity is related to more than just cardiovascular fitness and integrity. It is dependent upon a combination of other physiologic components as well, including pulmonary function, health status of other organ systems, nitrogen balance, nutritional status, medications, orthopedic limitations, and others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The prognostic value of exercise capacity: a review of the literature. 195 Oct 7

The oral contraceptive formulations in use today consist of three types. One type has a fixed dose of a combination of a synthetic estrogen and a synthetic progestin, the second has varying doses of each of these steroids, and the third consists of a fixed dose of a progestin without an estrogen. The estrogen in the older formulations contained mestranol, while all those developed since 1974 contain ethinyl estradiol. The estrogen is combined with varying dosages of nine different progestins to produce a wide variety of formulations. The major metabolic effects of the estrogen are an increase in hepatic production of globulins, some of which cause hypercoagulability, and an increase in blood pressure in certain users. By varying HDL-cholesterol, the estrogen has a beneficial effect upon lipids. Other estrogenic effects include fluid retention, depression, and breast tenderness. Most of the progestins have androgenic effects, being derived from 19-nortestosterone. These include peripheral insulin resistance, a lowering of HDL-cholesterol, nitrogen retention, and nervousness. Both the estrogen and progestins metabolic effects are dose-related and with the newer, low-dose formulations, the adverse metabolic and clinical effects are minimal. Thus the results of the epidemiologic studies performed 10 to 15 years ago, when women were using high-dose formulations, are not relevant to the oral contraceptive formulations in use today. Recent epidemiologic studies show that healthy, nonsmoking women using oral contraceptives do not have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:The pharmacologic and metabolic effects of oral contraceptives. 257 52

Lovastatin, a specific inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, HMG-CoA reductase, has been shown to be highly effective in lowering serum cholesterol in animals and humans and thus represents a promising approach to the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. During the preclinical safety assessment of lovastatin, oral doses that were tolerated by dogs, rats and mice were found to be lethal to rabbits in subacute studies. Postmortem findings in rabbits consisted of centrilobular hepatic necrosis, frequently accompanied by renal tubular necrosis and occasionally gallbladder necrosis. The liver lesions were associated with up to 300-fold elevations in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, whereas the kidney lesions resulted in accumulations of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. The organ damage was preceded by a progressive decline in food consumption and loss of body weight. All histopathological and serum biochemical changes induced by lovastatin were completely prevented by coadministration of mevalonate, the product of the inhibited HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. In addition, administration of mevalonate after the onset of lovastatin-induced hepatotoxicity effectively reversed the toxicity despite continued drug treatment. These findings indicated that the toxicity of high doses of lovastatin to rabbits is a consequence of a highly exaggerated pharmacologic action in blocking mevalonate synthesis. However, supplementation of lovastatin-treated rabbits with oral doses of the major product of mevalonate metabolism, cholesterol, paradoxically enhanced the liver and kidney damage, which suggested that the toxicity of lovastatin stemmed from depletion of a nonsterol metabolite(s) of mevalonate critical for cell viability.
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PMID:Toxicity of the HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, to rabbits. 291 66

Diets must supply enough nitrogen and essential amino acids to satisfy human needs. A diet's protein quality is associated to its digestibility, amino acid composition, protein concentration and dietary and preparation factors that enhance or reduce essential amino acid and protein bioavailability. Dietary energy intake also affects the utilization efficiency of dietary proteins. Protein quality of Latin American diets varies between countries and between socioeconomic groups in a given country. Most poor and lower-middle income persons consume diets with strong predominance of vegetable proteins. These diets are usually bulky, with relatively low protein concentration and energy density, and sometimes do not provide enough of one or more essential amino acids. In some countries and in some population groups, over 50% of the dietary proteins are of animal origin. This may be a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Protein quality of Latin American diets, however, can be improved by modifying the proportions of some foods in order to achieve amino acid complementation, increase protein concentration and, in some instances, increase digestibility. Examples of diets that are satisfactory for preschool children and adults are given. Nevertheless, improvement of the overall nutritional quality of the diets is of foremost importance, so that they may provide the energy and all essential nutrients required for humans.
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PMID:[Proteins and amino acids: features and fulfillment of requirements with Latin American diets]. 315 49


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