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Query: UMLS:C0007222 (cardiovascular disease)
 65,817 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Former studies on the association between snoring and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have only partly taken established CVD risk factors into consideration. In the Copenhagen Male Study, 3,323 men aged 54 to 74 years were classified according to self-reported snoring habits. Eleven CVD risk factors were examined. The prevalence of snoring decreased with age, with a 50 percent higher frequency of snorers among the youngest quintile than among the oldest (p < 0.00001). Snoring, age adjusted, was positively associated with tobacco smoking (p < 0.001), alcohol consumption (p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.0001), serum triglyceride level (p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and nearly significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.07). Snorers were less physically active in leisure time than others (p < 0.01). The association between self-reported snoring and blood pressure disappeared when other factors, including BMI, were taken into consideration. No significant associations were found between snoring and social class, snoring and low- or high-density lipoprotein or between snoring and hypertension. We conclude that snoring is associated with major cardiovascular risk factors. Accordingly, it is evident that in studies on snoring and CVD, proper controlling for the influence of potential confounders is a sine qua non.
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PMID:Cardiovascular risk factors in snorers. A cross-sectional study of 3,323 men aged 54 to 74 years: the Copenhagen Male Study. 142 54

In order to evaluate the possible role played by snoring as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, we studied 400 patients aged 30-80 years, divided into 4 groups matched for age, sex and body mass index. The first group consisted of 100 patients who snored, having risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, high serum cholesterol level) for cardiovascular disease. The second group consisted of 100 non-snoring patients with risk factors. The third and fourth groups were formed by 100 snoring and 100 non-snoring patients without risk factors. We investigated the morbidity and the mortality from cardiovascular disease over a period of five years (1982-1987). An increase in morbidity and mortality was found for snorers with risk factors (36 and 17 respectively) compared to non-snorers with risk factors (10 and 4, P less than 0.001), and also to both snorers and non-snorers without risk factors (7 and 3, P less than 0.001; 3 and 1, P less than 0.001 respectively). No difference was noted between snorers and non-snorers without risk factors. A higher morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease was found in snorers with risk factors as compared with non-snorers having risk factors. Furthermore, the morbidity and mortality in patients without risk factors was found to be lower compared with that found in snorers with risk factors. In conclusion, snoring worsened the prognosis of patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but did not represent an independent or predictive risk factor in itself.
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PMID:Snoring and risk of cardiovascular disease. 179 Oct 87

Knowledge of the connection between habitual snoring diseases and obstructive sleep apnoea has stimulated research into sleep disturbance in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Any disturbance of nasal ventilation leads to a higher resistance to breathing and may cause cardiovascular complications in the long run. Anatomical and functional conditions that lead to intermittent incomplete blockage or complete occlusion of the upper respiratory tract must be detected and surgically eliminated, if possible. Surgical procedures for treating snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea may be successful and fill the gap between conservative treatment and continuous nasal positive airway pressure therapy. Our experience in 24 patients in presented.
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PMID:[Experience with surgical therapy in snoring and sleep apnea]. 206 69

Former studies have demonstrated an association between habitual snoring and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Control for the influence of potential confounders has been inadequate. To further elucidate the issue, we examined the association between snoring and future risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) while controlling for a number of major cardiovascular risk factors and potential effect modifiers. Some 2,937 men without overt cardiovascular disease, aged 54 to 74 y (mean = 63 years), were classified according to snoring habits and followed up prospectively during 6 years (1985 to 1991). Potential cardiovascular disease risk factors included in the study were as follows: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) (kg x m-2), social class, and serum concentrations of selenium, cotinine, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. During the 6-year follow-up period, 182 men (6.2%) had an IHD event (42 were fatal), and 274 men died from all causes (9.3%). There was no difference in the prevalence of snorers among those who had an IHD event and those who did not during the follow-up period, 49.9% vs 50.5%, respectively. Among the younger half of the cohort (54 to 63 years), the age-adjusted incidence of IHD was slightly but not significantly increased in snorers, relative risk (RR) = 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9). When adjustments were made for relevant confounders--use of tobacco, alcohol consumption, and BMI--the RR dropped to 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6). Among the older half (64 to 74 years), there was no increased risk in snorers, RR = 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6). We conclude that there was a slightly increased risk that did not reach statistical significance of IHD in snorers. After multivariate adjustment, snoring was not associated with risk of IHD in middle-aged and elderly men.
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PMID:Risk of ischemic heart disease in self-reported snorers. A prospective study of 2,937 men aged 54 to 74 years: the Copenhagen Male Study. 760 48

Much has been written about snoring and its affects on health, in particular its possible influence on cardiovascular disease. However, there are many assumptions made when linking the report of snoring to any consequences such as hypertension, heart disease or stroke. In particular it is not clear how snoring might influence the cardiovascular system, whether subjective reports of snoring are accurate, and snoring might only be acting as a marker for some common risk factor such as upper body obesity; a particular risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and through neck circumference, snoring. There is much better evidence that snoring is an important cause of sleepiness, even in the absence of conventional sleep apnoea.
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PMID:Epidemiology of snoring and its consequences. 761 44

The association between snoring and blood pressure is still a matter for debate, partly because of uncertainty about the definition of snoring and partly because confounding factors may affect systemic blood pressure such as obesity, sleep apnoea, and nocturnal hypoxaemia. To isolate the contribution of each of these factors, 1415 patients (389 females, 1026 males) referred to a sleep disorders centre were studied. A full history was obtained with particular attention to cardiovascular disease and medications. The patients had nocturnal polysomnography including objective measurement of snoring, and blood pressure was measured in the morning. 18% of non-snores had hypertension as did 20% of heavy snores (not significantly different). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that snoring was not a significant determinant of blood pressure. Only age, male sex, apnoea/hypopnoea index, and body mass index contributed significantly to the variability of blood pressure. We conclude that snoring in the absence of sleep apnoea is not associated with raised blood pressure.
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PMID:Blood pressure, snoring, obesity, and nocturnal hypoxaemia. 791 47

Former studies on the association between snoring and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have only partly taken established CVD risk factors into consideration. In the Copenhagen Male Study, 3323 men aged 54-74 years were classified according to self-reported snoring habits. Eleven CVD risk factors were examined. The prevalence of snoring decreased with age, with a 50% higher frequency of snorers in the youngest quintile than in the oldest, p < 0.00001. Snoring, age adjusted, was positively associated with tobacco smoking, p < 0.001, alcohol consumption p < 0.0001, body mass index (BMI), p < 0.0001, serum triglyceride level, p < 0.01, systolic blood pressure, p < 0.05 and diastolic blood pressure, p = 0.07. Snorers were less physically active in leisure time than others, p < 0.01. The association between self-reported snoring and blood pressure disappeared when other factors, including BMI, were taken into consideration. No significant associations were found between snoring and social class, snoring and low or high density lipoprotein, nor between snoring and hypertension. We conclude that snoring is associated with major cardiovascular risk factors. Accordingly, it is evident that in studies on snoring and cardiovascular disease, proper controlling for the influence of potential confounders is a sine qua non.
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PMID:[Cardiovascular risk factors in snorers. The Copenhagen Male Study]. 825 29

We wanted to assess habitual snoring as a credible risk factor for acute vascular disease, mainly stroke and myocardial infarction. The patients selected for the study had been admitted to the hospital through the emergency department, and were evaluated by means of multidimensional interviews and clinical records: 164 had acute cerebrovascular disease, and 136 cardiovascular disease; 330 patients with nonvascular disease were the controls. The evaluation showed 48% of vascular disease patients to be habitual snorers, but only 30% of the controls; the difference was statistically significant. Compared with the controls, in the cerebrovascular patients the risk (odds ratio) associated with habitual snoring was significantly increased, and of the same order as the risk associated with age over 65 yrs, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidaemia; whilst the risk associated with hypertension was higher. In the cardiovascular patients, the risk associated with habitual snoring was again significantly increased and of the same order as the risk associated with male gender, body mass index > 29 (kg.m-2), dyslipidaemia, heavy smoking, excessive alcohol intake and hypertension. A logistic regression analysis, entering the variables in the following order: age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, and habitual snoring, showed that habitual snoring carries a significant risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction, even after adjusting for other factors. Since habitual snoring carries a definite risk for acute vascular disease, we conclude that inquiring about it should become routine practice.
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PMID:Habitual snoring as a risk factor for acute vascular disease. 828 55

Habitual snoring, nocturnal apnea, and excessive daytime sleepiness are leading symptoms of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. However, simple snoring without apnea is a more common and normal phenomenon. In certain habitual snorers increased upper airway resistance during sleep may lead to sleep fragmentation and hypersomnolence even in the absence of frank apnea; this condition is termed upper airway resistance syndrome. There is no convincing evidence that snoring in the absence of sleep apnea is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The evaluation of symptomatic snorers includes a specific history and physical exam, followed by a sleep study if treatment is considered necessary. The choice of treatment modality for snoring is guided by the individual needs and symptoms of the patient. Weight loss, nocturnal application of continuous positive airway pressure, or intraoral appliances which hold the mandible in protrusion during sleep are non-surgical treatment options. According to the patients' subjective assessment conventional or laser-assisted uvulo-palato-pharyngoplasty (UPPP) has a high cure rate for snoring. However, objective documentation of the effect of these interventions on measured snoring noise is scant.
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PMID:[Clinical significance of snoring]. 906 59

This report addresses the hypothesis that snoring without significant apneas and hypopneas (simple snoring) is associated with elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data on blood pressure, previously diagnosed cardiovascular disease, and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) status from a population-based sample of 580 adults was analyzed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, increased stepwise across categories of no SDB, simple snoring, mild, moderate, and more severe SDB (p < 0.05). A similar and significant trend was seen for CVD prevalence. The results provide evidence that simple snoring represents the beginning of the SDB severity spectrum and that simple snoring has a proportionately smaller but, nevertheless, significant, risk for elevated blood pressure and CVD.
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PMID:Snoring as part of a dose-response relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and blood pressure. 908 11


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