Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A serially transplantable perianal gland carcinoma (CAC-9) was developed in nude mice from a hypercalcemic dog that has been maintained through passage 20. Tumor doubling rate of CAC-9 was 3.1 +/- 0.4 days. Mithramycin (MMC) injected intraperitoneally (8 mg/kg) into nude mice bearing CAC-9 markedly decreased the tumor volume 2 weeks post-injection. MMC returned the elevated serum and urine calcium levels in mice with CAC-9 back to similar values as controls. The few remaining viable tumor cells after MMC were large and had numerous aggregations of intermediate filaments that displaced cytoplasmic organelles. Histomorphometric evaluation of lumbar vertebrae reveled no significant differences in bone resorption of nude mice bearing CAC-9 compared to saline-treated controls. This rapidly growing tumor line in nude mice associated with mild hypercalcemia will be a useful animal model to evaluate combinations of chemotherapy for cancer-associated hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Effects of mithramycin on transplantable canine perianal gland carcinoma (CAC-9) in nude mice: biochemical, histomorphometric, and ultrastructural investigations. 294 19

The Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is associated in about 65% of cases with small cell carcinoma, a tumour of neurosecretory origin. It is characterised physiologically by a decrease in the nerve evoked quantal release of acetylcholine, and in the resting non-quantal release ("molecular leakage"). The associations with autoimmune disease, with other autoantibodies, with HLA-B8, and with the IgG heavy chain marker Glm (2) are consistent with an autoimmune aetiology. Clinical and electromyographic responses to plasma exchange point to a humorally mediated disorder. This has been substantiated by passive transfer of the the main electrophysiological features of LEMS to mice by daily injections of LEMS IgG. Plasma was no more effective in inducing the electrophysiological changes than the IgG fraction. The decrease in quantal content appeared closely to follow the level of human IgG in the mouse serum and complement (C5) deficient mice were as susceptible as normal controls. The principal physiological abnormalities are both Ca2+ dependent processes, suggesting that a defect in Ca2+ transport may underlie the disorder. Preliminary studies of quantal content at low Ca2+ concentrations in mice injected with LEMS IgG suggest the functional loss of 40% of Ca2+ channels. Electron microscopic freeze fracture studies in such animals show, as in the human disease, a significant reduction in the number of active zone particles which are believed to represent Ca2+ channels. Thus it seems likely that the disorder of acetylcholine release is due to an IgG antibody directed to nerve terminal determinants that include the Ca2+ channels or structures closely related to them. In cancer-associated LEMS, the autoantibody response may initially be made to similar determinants on the tumour cell membrane, cross-reactivity of the antibody with nerve terminal determinants leading to the disorder of transmitter release.
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PMID:Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. 298 46

Two hundred ninety-two human breasts were examined in toto by a subgross sampling technique with histologic confirmation. The samples consisted of 185 breasts from random autopsies, 63 cancer-containing breasts, and 44 breasts contralateral to cancer-containing breasts. The method permits the identification and enumeration of essentially all of the dysplastic, hyperplastic, and neoplastic lesions present in each breast. Emphasis was on the prevalence within each sample category of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and epithelial proliferative lesions with severe atypia, previously termed ALA 4 and ALB 4, which correspond to the clinicopathologic entities atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia, respectively. Additional primary foci of DCIS (unrelated to invasive breast carcinoma, if present) were found in 52.5 per cent of cancer-containing breasts, and were seen in 47.7 per cent of contralateral and 5.9 per cent of the breasts from random autopsies. Lobular carcinoma in situ was generally seen only in association with infiltrating carcinoma, usually of the ductal type. No LCIS was seen in the breasts from random autopsies. These trends are the same if the proliferative lesions with severe atypia are included with carcinoma in situ. The numbers of lesions were also markedly greater in affected cancer-associated breasts than in affected breasts obtained from autopsies. These findings suggest that LCIS, although a rare lesion in the general population, may be a significant marker for clinical carcinoma. They support previous studies showing a small percentage of women with undetected DCIS of uncertain clinical and biological potential. The multicentric nature of preinvasive breast carcinoma is further substantiated. Finally, when the prevalence and number of lesions are considered in association with the ages of the patients, the lower prevalence of such lesions in the older patients in each sample suggests that at least some DCIS and LCIS may be dependent on a premenopausal hormonal milieu for their continuing existence.
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PMID:The prevalence of carcinoma in situ in normal and cancer-associated breasts. 299 Nov 11

Human renal carcinoma cell line 786-0 elaborates a protein that is structurally and immunochemically distinct from parathyroid hormone (PTH) and that activates renal cortical adenylate cyclase via an interaction with the PTH receptor. Because of the high frequency of excessive bone resorption and resultant hypercalcemia in patients with malignant disease we evaluated the ability of this 786-0 cell factor to reproduce PTH action in bone-derived cells. The 786-0 factor as well as bovine PTH (BPTH) (1-34) and prostaglandin E1 produced marked increases in cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in the clonal rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106. A competitive antagonist of PTH action, [norleucine8, norleucine18, tyrosine34] BPTH(3-34)amide, blocked the cAMP stimulation produced by 786-0 factor and BPTH(1-34) but not that produced by prostaglandin E1. In the presence of forskolin (0.1 microM) UMR-106 cells were extremely sensitive to 786-0 factor, showing significant increases in cAMP production at a concentration 10-fold less than that required to activate adenylate cyclase in renal membranes. In contrast UMR-106 cells were less sensitive to BPTH(1-34) than were renal membranes. This preferential increase in sensitivity to 786-0 factor was not seen in membranes prepared from UMR-106 cells suggesting the importance of cytosolic components. Six additional human genitourinary carcinoma cell lines were found to produce factors that increased cAMP levels in UMR-106 cells. We conclude that 786-0 factor is a potent activator of the PTH receptor-adenylate cyclase system in these bone-derived cells. These findings are consistent with the view that cancer-associated hypercalcemia may frequently be attributable to tumor secretion of proteins (such as 786-0 factor) that are distinct from PTH but are capable of activating skeletal PTH receptors.
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PMID:Activation of the parathyroid hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase system in osteosarcoma cells by a human renal carcinoma factor. 299 59

In order to explore the relationship between the expression of cancer-associated glycolipids such as sialylated Lex (SLEX) and sialylated Lea (SLEA) and the histological subtypes of lung cancers, 30 cases of small cell carcinoma (SCC) and 47 cases of non-small cell carcinoma (non-SCC) were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies reacting with SLEX and SLEA. The forty-seven cases of non-SCC included 20 cases of adenocarcinoma, 20 of squamous cell carcinoma and 7 of large cell carcinoma. Tumour cells of most non-SCCs expressed SLEX and SLEA. In adenocarcinomas, the number of tumour cells having SLEX and SLEA was more than that of squamous cell carcinomas, large cell carcinomas and SCC. In SCC, 14 of the 30 cases were found to be positive for both antigens. Although the cancer cells of 11 cases of 17 intermediate cell type SCC had both antigens, the cells of only 3 of 13 oat cell tumours expressed SLEX and SLEA. The present study shows that SLEX and SLEA are useful markers for lung adenocarcinomas, that most cases of intermediate cell type of SCCs have characteristics similar to non-SCC but that many oat cell tumours lack them.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical examination of lung cancers using monoclonal antibodies reacting with sialosylated Lewisx and sialosylated Lewisa. 302 84

Ricinus communis agglutinin II-reactive glycoproteins from the ascites of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were prepared using lectin affinity chromatography. Normal serum- and cirrhotic ascites-components were removed by columns with immobilized antibodies against them. Ricinus communis agglutinin II-reactive glycoproteins thus obtained were supposed to be hepatocellular carcinoma-associated and less than 0.1% of the protein in the starting material. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these glycoproteins revealed more than 10 major polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 20K to 200K daltons. The rabbit antiserum raised against them reacted with at least three components of 45, 52 and 55K daltons. The serum level of this antibody-reactive glycoproteins was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was elevated in 91% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 70% of cases of other gastrointestinal carcinoma, 88% of cases of liver cirrhosis, 55% of cases of chronic hepatitis, and 25% of cases of acute hepatitis. The mean value of hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly greater than those of other groups. These results suggest that some of Ricinus communis agglutinin II-reactive glycoproteins in hepatocellular carcinoma patients may be cancer-associated glycoproteins and that their serum levels are increased in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
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PMID:Ricinus communis agglutinin II-reactive glycoproteins from the ascites of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and their use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 303 39

To obtain some useful pathologic indicators for predicting the prognosis in carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater, we analyzed 24 surgically resected ampullary carcinomas pathologically with immunohistochemistry of cancer-associated antigens. Pancreatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and histology of the tumor were significantly correlated with poor prognosis (p less than 0.01), but the size or ulceration of the tumor did not significantly affect the prognosis (p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemically, diffuse positivity for anti-CA19-9 monoclonal antibody was demonstrated in 10 carcinomas and that for anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in 10. Eight of them showed synchronously diffuse immunoreactivities for both antigens. Although there was no significant correlation between diffuse positivity for CA19-9 and pathologic factors, CA19-9-positive cases exhibited significantly poor prognoses (p less than 0.01). Diffuse positivity for CEA was correlated with pancreatic invasion (p less than 0.05) and poor prognosis (p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemical study of cancer-associated antigens may disclose some malignant potential of ampullary carcinoma other than that expressed in the morphology. Furthermore, because of the consistency of staining results, immunohistochemistry of cancer-associated antigens may also be useful in predicting preoperatively the prognosis of ampullary carcinoma in biopsied materials.
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PMID:Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater: expression of cancer-associated antigens inversely correlated with prognosis. 280 89

Several alterations in carbohydrate antigen expression can occur in colon cancers. Modified structures such as extended LeX and LeY antigens could serve as cancer-associated antigens in the human colon, although none is specific only for colon cancer. Since LeX and LeY antigens are present in fetal tissues, but not in adult normal tissues, these antigens appear to be oncodevelopmental in nature. The expression in colon cancers of extended LeX and LeY antigens with internal fucosylation or terminal sialylation is considered rather cancer-specific since normal colonic mucosa does not express these antigens. Furthermore, these molecules may also be "markers" for premalignancy, since adenomatous polyps, but not hyperplastic polyps are capable of exhibiting these changes and antigenic expression often correlates with malignant potential in adenomatous polyps. The precise biochemical and molecular mechanisms for these alterations in LeX and LeY expression and their biological significance are not well understood at the present time. However, it is likely that the regulation of the glycosyltransferase enzymes responsible for the processes of polylactosamine elongation, fucosylation, and sialylation may be aberrant. Obviously further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms. However, it appears that the monoclonal antibodies directed against extended LeX and LeY antigens are a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of colonic neoplasia, and may also be helpful in elucidating the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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PMID:Carbohydrate antigen expression in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. 305 24

We have cytogenetically analyzed short-term cultures from an in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (Bowen's disease). The following mosaic tumor karyotype was found: 46,XX, -1, +der(1)(pter----p22::q11----cen----p22:), -9, +der(9)t(1;9)(q11; p24)/46,XX,t(3;6) (q21;p21)/46,XX,t(5;14)(q13;q24),t(7;18)(q32;q11)/46,XX,t(8;11)(p22;q13) /46, XX,t(8;11) (p22;q13),t(15;17) (q13;q24)/46,XX,t(12;15)(q12;p11). None of the rearrangements correspond to previously known cancer-associated abnormalities. Two of the clones are obviously related, and it is reasonable to assume that the t(15;17) developed as an evolutionary change in a cell that already contained t(8;11)(p22;q13). Since five clones without cytogenetic similarities were found in this in situ skin carcinoma, we suggest that the tumor was of polyclonal origin. It is impossible to decide whether all, or indeed any, of the visible abnormalities constitute pathogenetically essential primary changes, or merely represent chromosomal markers of secondary importance in tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Multiple unrelated clonal chromosome abnormalities in an in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. 259 69

As previously reported for natural killer (NK) cells of normal individuals, prior incubation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients with human normal serum or monomeric immunoglobulin G reduced their subsequent capacity to kill K562 target cells in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. The NK activity of such treated effector cells was significantly inhibited only by 58% of sera from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (21 of 36 cases) and by 67% of sera from patients with other lymphoid or nonlymphoid solid tumors (22 of 33 cases). The cytotoxic activity of cells previously incubated with eight noninhibitory sera was even augmented relative to medium-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes (control). The 26 untreated cancer sera which did not inhibit significantly the NK activity (I-) always developed significant inhibitory capacity upon heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min (delta+). An additional seven (21%) patients with colorectal carcinoma and four (27%) patients with other cancers were identified as having type II NK regulation, defined as sera with untreated inhibitory capacity (I+) but with appreciably more inhibition after heating (delta+). The sera of the last group of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (14 of 36 cases) defined as having type III NK regulation were not different from control sera isolated from normal individuals (I+ delta-) except that they induced an inhibition greater than that caused by normal sera. The modulatory characteristics of sera from the first two categories of patients appear to be cancer associated, since the patterns I- delta+ or I+ delta+ were observed with sera from only one of 30 patients with benign digestive diseases and two of 100 apparently healthy individuals. Preliminary results of longitudinal investigations of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma revealed also that these patterns disappeared several months after resection of their tumor in all five tested patients, whereas the type III NK regulation found in patients with poor prognostic factors was unchanged after surgery in the other five of six patients. The three different categories of cancer sera identified by the functional assay of NK regulation indicated differences among our group of patients which were not paralleled by differences in levels of cytotoxic reactivity of their NK cells assayed in vitro in the absence of autologous serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Modulation of natural killer cell activity by serum from cancer patients: preliminary results of a study of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma or other types of cancer. 335 20


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