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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To characterize the cytologic spectrum of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, a review of 42 urinary cytology specimens from 13 patients with histologically proven tumors was conducted. Patients ages ranged from 45 to 81 yr (mean 68.9). In four tumors, small cell carcinoma was the sole malignant cellular component: all 11 urinary specimens in these patients harbored cells with features of an undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. In the remaining nine tumors, small cell carcinoma appeared with transitional, squamous cell or adenocarcinoma, but in four, small cell carcinoma was the sole invasive component. Almost one third of urinary specimens in this group lacked a small cell component. Neuroendocrine differentiation was confirmed by immunopathology in eleven cases (neuron specific enolase positive in 11 of 12, synaptophysin in 2/11, chromogranin in 2/13, Leu 7 in 2/7), and by ultrastructural analysis in two. Small cell carcinoma is a cytologically recognizable variant of bladder cancer, but admixture with other malignant components may mask its appearance in urinary specimens.
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PMID:Cytology of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. 872 27

A 40-year old male patient presented with a history of subtotal strumectomy, excision of multiple cutaneous lesions at the upper trunk and gastrointestinal polyposis of unknown origin. The patient was admitted for weight loss and intermittent diarrhea. Physical examination revealed craniomegaly, papillomatosis of the oral mucosa and epigastric tenderness. Endoscopically, multiple polyps were seen in the stomach, the duodenum, the terminal ileum, the distal colon and the rectum. Histologically, these lesions were classified as hamartomatous and hyperplastic polyps. In the punctate of the relapsed nodular goitre, neoplastic follicular cells were found. These findings led to the diagnosis of Cowden's disease. A complete thyroidectomy was performed. The histology verified a follicular thyroid carcinoma and showed a combined expression of thyroglobulin and of the neuroendocrine marker synaptophysin (appr. 50% of all tumor cells). Chromogranin A (a neuroendocrine tumor marker) was also elevated in the serum of the patient. Postoperatively, a radioiodine therapy was performed and the clinical condition of the patient has improved ever since. The presented case of Cowden's disease is the first male patient with thyroid carcinoma. Early consideration of Cowden's disease is substantial as multiple malignant neoplasms may occur in this disorder in increased incidence.
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PMID:[Gastric hamartoma and thyroid gland carcinoma with follicular and neuroendocrine differentiation in Cowden syndrome]. 877 73

A case of neuroendocrine carcinomas arising in the form of a mural nodule in an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is presented. This represents the third case of neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in an ovarian mucinous tumor. The carcinoma cells were moderately to strongly immunoreactive for enolase, keratin, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and focally, neuron-specific enolase, and contained 130-330 nm neurosecretory granules. The patient presented 9 months after surgery with liver metastases and peritoneal implants. She died of disease within 10 months of initial presentation.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinoma arising in an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. 878 7

The immunocytochemical characterization of cell lines originating from thyroid medullary carcinoma, i.e. human TT cells and rat rMTC 6-23 cells, was undertaken. The immunocytochemical studies were supplemented by ultrastructural studies, including ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, and by radioimmunological estimation of calcitonin secretion to the medium. In rMTC 6-23 cells (subcultures 24 to 30), no hormone presence was demonstrated immunocytochemically, which corresponded to the absence of secretory granules at the ultrastructural level. Of various proteins sought, only neuron-specific enolase could be demonstrated. Nevertheless, the cells secreted calcitonin into the medium. TT cells (passages 145 to 160) produced secretory granules. The granules contained calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide, parathyroid hormone-related protein, functional proteins of the chromogranin group and synaptophysin. Other functional proteins found in the cytosol of TT cells included non-specific enolase, calbindin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Receptor for calcitriol was localized in the cell nucleus. Marker proteins were localized in the cytosol (carcinoembryonic antigen) and in the cell skeleton (alpha-tubulin, cytokeratin). Following changes in ionized calcium levels in the medium, changes in calcitonin secretion and in immunocytochemical detectability of some hormones and functional proteins were observed. TT cells demonstrated the expression of numerous hormones and functional proteins associated with calcitonin secretion. Further, the cells in their ultrastructure, immunocytochemical and secretory characteristics, resemble more closely normal parafollicular cells of the thyroid and, in our opinion, represent a more appropriate model for functional studies.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical characterization of two thyroid medullary carcinoma cell lines in vitro. 878 64

Three cases of peripheral small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) with central fibrosis are presented. Central fibrosis is usually present in adenocarcinomas. Cases 1 and 2 are combined SCLCs with components of papillary adenocarcinoma, and case 3 is a mixed SCLC with a large cell component. Small cell components showed intermediate cell type in all cases. In cases 1 and 2, there was a gradual transition between small cell carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma. Small cell components showed Grimelius argyrophilia, but other neuroendocrine markers such as neuron specific enolase, chromogranin A, Leu-7 and synaptophysin were negative. The chest X-ray examination of case 1 demonstrated rapid enlargement of a tumor shadow, which was present two years before, for a recent year. Central fibrosis, coexistence of small cell carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma, and a change of growth rate in the chest X-ray may suggest that some SCLC derive from papillary adenocarcinomas.
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PMID:Peripheral lung carcinomas associated with central fibrosis and mixed small cell and other histologic components. 880 99

The alpha subunit of a GTP-binding protein, Go, was investigated in pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms and fetal tissues of the lung by an immunohistochemical method. Positive immunostaining for the alpha subunit of Go (Go alpha) was found predominantly on the cell membrane and found occasionally in the cytoplasm. Typical carcinoids were all positively stained (9/9), and small cell carcinoma showed weaker and less frequent staining (5 positive cases in 10). Atypical carcinoids were variously stained (3/4). The tendency for obvious neuroendocrine differentiation to be immunohistochemically determined in typical carcinoids and not in small cell carcinoma is also true of staining for neuron specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A (CG-A) and synaptophysin. In the lung, Go alpha-immunostaining was positive not only in nerve tissues but also in the airway epithelium. In the fetal lung, serial sections immunostained for NSE, CG-A and Go alpha confirmed that Go alpha-immunoreactive cells belong to the neuroendocrine cell population. The biological significance of Go alpha is unclear in normal and neoplastic lung tissues, but Go alpha is a useful marker of neuroendocrine cells and neoplasma of the lung.
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PMID:Immunoexpression of the alpha subunit of a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Go) in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms. 886 90

A case of undifferentiated carcinoma of the broad ligament is reported. The patient was a 28-year-old Japanese woman who underwent laparotomy for a cystic and solid tumor of the left broad ligament. The tumor measured 9 cm in diameter and was unattached to the uterus, ipsilateral ovary, or salpinx. Histological examination revealed tumor tissue consisting of solid nests of irregular configuration and rather small to medium-sized undifferentiated epithelial cells. The tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin, but negative for CA125, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, amylase, carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, HHF35, desmin, and vimentin. Electron-microscopic examination revealed gap junctions and primitive cellular junctions, but no intracytoplasmic mucous granules or microvilli on the surface of the tumor cells. This is the first report of undifferentiated carcinoma of the broad ligament as far as we have been able to determine from a search of the literature.
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PMID:Undifferentiated carcinoma of the broad ligament in a 28-year-old woman--a case report and results of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies. 894 76

To evaluate the significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in duct carcinoma of the pancreas, we investigated 79 pancreatic carcinomas, applying histochemistry and immunohistochemistry (chromogranin A, Leu-7, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and correlated the morphologic differentiation pattern with clinicopathological characteristics. There were two types of neuroendocrine differentiation: scattered (n = 23) and diffuse (n = 3). The scattered type of pancreatic duct carcinoma contained scattered endocrine cells amounting to less than 10% of the neoplastic cells and was seen more frequently in well-differentiated carcinomas. There was no characteristic clinical feature found in the scattered type when compared with the tumors devoid of endocrine cells (n = 53). In contrast, the diffuse type showed diffuse immunostaining with NSE and synaptophysin in tumor cells and dense core granules ultrastructurally. These tumors showed a greater hypervascularity in angiography (p < 0.01) and the patients had relatively longer survival (33.3 months, p < 0.05) than unresectable cases of other histological types of pancreatic cancer. Two types of neuroendocrine differentiation (scattered and diffuse) existed in pancreatic ductal carcinoma. The diffuse type (Duct-Endocrine Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas) showed synchronous duct and endocrine differentiation and particular clinical features.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in pancreatic duct carcinoma special emphasis on duct-endocrine cell carcinoma of the pancreas. 895 Jul 56

In this study S100-protein positive cells were found in all 12 cases of benign dysplastic changes and in all of the investigated 53 cases of breast carcinomas. These cells belong to interdigitating cells (IDC) and were located in a regular pattern in the basal cell layer of the ducts and alveolar nodules in benign lesions. However, in breast carcinomas S100-protein positive IDC were in various pattern of distribution; only in the stroma, in basal cell layer, between cancer cells and S100-protein positivity of IDC and epithelial cancer cells. This phenomenon suggests the antigenic modulation of cancer cells transferring them the property of S100-protein positive cells or it may be the consequence of fusion. Immunoreactivity for chromogranin A (ChgA) and synaptophysin (Syn) was found in epithelial cells in some cases of benign dysplastic changes. However, in some carcinoma cases ChgA and Syn were revealed in carcinoma cells, in myoepithelial cells, in some stromal mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells. Immunoreactivity to smooth muscle actin was shown in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the vessel's wall, in myoepithelial cells and was also sporadic in carcinoma cells.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study in breast carcinoma. S100-protein positive cells and neuroendocrine differentiation. 901 69

Solid papillary carcinoma of the breast is a subset of papillary carcinoma, which occurs in older women and usually has a favorable prognosis. It is primarily intraductal but also is often associated with invasive carcinoma, especially mucinous carcinoma. Intracellular and extracellular mucin is also found in the in situ stage, in most tumors. In addition to forming solid papillary masses, the cells palisade around vessels in pseudorosettes and show minimal nuclear atypia. Some cells show neuroendocrine differentiation, based on argyophilia with Grimelius staining. Four examples of this neoplasm were studied electron microscopically. Myoepithelial cells were not found. Neoplastic cells had an ultrastructure that was generally similar to that of other types of mammary carcinoma. There were extracellular microlumens, but intracellular lumens and pseudolumens were few or absent. Secretory activity varied among cells, and those cells appearing active had a variety of granule types, including typical flocculent and "bull's-eye" mucinous granules, small dense-core granules, and large serous-like granules. Some of the dense-core granules were interpreted as neuroendocrine in nature, based on their abluminal or juxtavascular location, whereas others that were apical and subluminal were probably mucinous in type. The large serous-appearing granules were subluminal in some cells and diffuse in others and may also have represented a variant of mucinous granules. The results support earlier opinions that accurate interpretation of specific granular function at the electron microscopic level depends on cytochemical studies using uranaffin as a marker of neuroendocrine activity. Although mucinous granules are identified by their lack of staining with uranaffin, the nature of the serous-appearing granules would still not be answered by this method; that is, a negative reaction would not define whether the granules are truly serous, or simply another form of mucin. Regardless of limitations of this type, correlation and extrapolation of histochemical (Grimelius and Alcian blue) and immunohistochemical (chromogranin and synaptophysin) results with subcellular structure are still very useful in establishing cell type.
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PMID:Solid papillary carcinoma of breast: an ultrastructural study. 909 26


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