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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical, light microscopic, and immunohistochemical features of 14 sinonasal malignant melanomas were studied to show their diverse morphologic appearance and distinction from therapeutically more amenable neoplasms that occur in this region. The tumors arose in 6 men and 8 women (median age, 70 years). Eleven patients died of disease 7 to 44 months (median, 18 months) after diagnosis. The absolute median survival time was 18.5 months (range, 7 to 44 months). The predominant microscopic appearance was categorized as small blue cell in eight cases, spindle cell in three cases, epithelioid in two cases, and pleomorphic in one case. Eight tumors had multiple patterns. Five sinonasal malignant melanomas had theque-like growth, five had junctional change, and 10 contained at least rare melanin pigment. Fourteen, 13, and 12 sinonasal malignant melanomas were immunoreactive with anti-vimentin, HMB45, and anti-S100 protein antibodies, respectively. One epithelioid tumor positive for vimentin, S100, and HMB45 also contained scattered epithelial membrane antigen-positive and cytokeratin-positive cells, which emphasizes the need for a battery of stains to distinguish sinonasal malignant melanoma from carcinoma. All tumors were negative for leukocyte common antigen, muscle-specific actin, and synaptophysin. Diffuse immunopositivity for vimentin, S100 protein, and HMB45 allows distinction of sinonasal malignant melanomas from histologically similar neoplasms.
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PMID:Sinonasal malignant melanoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases. 172 Sep 20

Two women, 62 and 66 years old, with combined small cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis are reported. The clinical picture was similar to that seen in conventional transitional cell carcinoma. A brief review of the literature indicates that in the urinary tract, small cell carcinoma occurs most commonly in the bladder and is exceedingly rare in the renal pelvis; only 2 cases have been reported previously. The morphological spectrum of the small cell carcinomatous component is similar to that seen in lung tumors. Neuroendocrine differentiation of the small cell carcinoma component was supported by a positive immunoreaction to neuron-specific enolase in both cases and to synaptophysin in 1. One patient died with metastases 8 months after diagnosis, and 1 was alive with clinical evidence of lymph node metastases and contralateral papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis 16 months after diagnosis.
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PMID:Small cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a clinicopathological, morphological and immunohistochemical study of 2 cases. 216 82

Two cases of primary oat-cell carcinoma of thyroid, in a 63-year-old woman and a 73-year-old man, are described. Case 1 was a compound tumour with the oat-cell component merging with a papillary component. Both tumours, in addition to histological features consistent with oat-cell carcinoma, showed immunohistochemical positivity with anti-chromagranin A and anti-synaptophysin antisera. Negative results were obtained when anti-calcitonin and anti-thyroglobulin antisera were employed. Using in situ hybridization, chromogranin A and B messenger RNAs were localized with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. In contrast, with in situ hybridization, no localization for calcitonin messenger RNA was seen using radioactive and biotinylated probes. It is concluded that these calcitonin-free, small-cell carcinomas should be considered separately from medullary thyroid carcinomas and be regarded as a distinct entity, probably the thyroid equivalent of oat-cell carcinomas of the lung.
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PMID:Calcitonin free oat-cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. 216 78

The ultrastructural patterns of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiated breast carcinomas are analyzed and discussed. Reports in the literature describe wide variations in the size of observed dense-core membrane-bound granules and discrepancies in their interpretation. In the present study 24 cases of breast carcinoma with recognized morphologic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical features of NE tumors were investigated. Five different types of dense-core granules of neurosecretory (NS) type (confirmed by the ultrastructural localization of chromogranin A) and five different cell types were recognized. Some amphicrine cells were found to contain both mucin and NS granules. Another notable ultrastructural feature of breast NE carcinomas was the presence of clear vesicles of presynaptic type, which correlated with expression of synaptophysin.
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PMID:Ultrastructural features of neuroendocrine differentiated carcinomas of the breast. 220 Jan 85

Merkel cells are clear oval cells in the epidermis and outer root sheaths of hair follicles, which are probably of epithelial origin, share ultrastructural features with neuroendocrine cells, and are found in association with touch receptors. In the eyelid, they occur singly in the epidermis and external root sheaths of hairs and eyelashes, and in specialized touch spots alternating with eyelashes. Their typical electron microscopical and antigenic features include dense-core granules, intranuclear rodlets, spinous processes, and a positive reaction for specific cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin and synaptophysin. Merkel cell carcinoma probably develops from precursor cells which give rise to keratinocytes and Merkel cells, and nearly one out of ten Merkel cell carcinomas occur in the eyelid and periocular region. They tend to be bulging lesions near the lid margin of elderly patients, reddish in color, and erythematous with telangiectatic vessels. The diagnosis is based on the frequent presence of neurofilaments and paranuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments in addition to features typical of normal Merkel cells. The tumor often mimics lymphoma or undifferentiated carcinoma and frequently invades lymphatic vessels. One third of Merkel cell carcinomas recur, almost two thirds give rise to regional node metastases, and up to one half metastasize widely and result in death. Initial treatment should be prompt and aggressive, with wide resection and routine postoperative irradiation. Although metastatic lesions often respond to radiation therapy and cytostatic drugs, these treatments are mainly of palliative value.
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PMID:The Merkel cell and associated neoplasms in the eyelids and periocular region. 227 47

Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic neoplasms has in the past been considered extremely uncommon. The histologic neuroendocrine patterns reported previously vary from small cell to carcinoidlike to mixed adenocarcinoma--small cell or carcinoid. The majority of the tumors reported are of the mixed variety. We reviewed 2648 autopsies, revealing 69 prostatic carcinomas, eight with neuroendocrine differentiation (five mixed adenocarcinoma--small-cell carcinoma, two "pure" small cell, and one "pure" carcinoidlike). The mean patient age was 69.5 years. One patient presented with markedly elevated serum corticotropin and another was severely hypercalcemic with elevated serum parathyroid hormone level. Three neoplasms were incidental autopsy findings. The mean survival time, after diagnosis, was 19 months for the other patients. Three of the cases were examined ultrastructurally and showed cytoplasmic processes containing membrane-bound granules in the neuroendocrine component. The areas with neuroendocrine differentiation were positive for markers as follows: neuron-specific enolase, seven of eight; prostate-specific antigen (PSA), none of eight; chromogranin A, seven of eight; synaptophysin, four of eight; and calcitonin, four of eight. Those neoplasms mixed with an adenocarcinoma component showed well-defined PSA positivity in the glandular elements. This study suggests that neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic neoplasms may be more common than previously thought. Often, the areas with neuroendocrine differentiation are considered to represent poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. It is important to recognize neuroendocrine components in prostatic carcinomas owing to prognostic and potential therapeutic implications.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas. A retrospective autopsy study. 246 64

Large cell neuroendocrine (LCNE) carcinomas of the lung are a newly recognized, highly aggressive and frequently misdiagnosed entity. We report a case of stage I LCNE lung carcinoma initially misdiagnosed as large cell undifferentiated carcinoma or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor was very extensively necrotic and its neuroendocrine differentiation was only demonstrable with immunohistochemical staining with PHE-5 monoclonal antibody and with antisera against synaptophysin and calcitonin. ACTH, somatostatin and neurofilaments were not demonstrable. The clinical course was ominous and the patient died within 17 months. The reason for this rapid fatal outcome could be ascribed either to the neuroendocrine phenotype of the tumor, or to the extensive necrosis, or both.
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PMID:Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. 255 26

Twenty-one cases of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma (CNEC) were examined by the ABC-immunoperoxidase method with a panel of antibodies to 5 intermediate filaments, 6 neuroendocrine-associated antigens, 6 peptide hormones, as well as melanoma-associated cytoplasmic antigen (HMB-45) and leukocyte common antigen. All tumors showed strong cytokeratin staining in characteristic dense, inclusion-like, cytoplasmic globules and in a reticular peripheral cytoplasmic pattern. Cytoplasmic coexpression of inclusions of neurofilament antigen was observed in 9/21 cases. Staining for one or more neuroendocrine markers in formalin-fixed tissue (bombesin, 7/20; chromogranin, 11/21; synaptophysin, 6/21) was weak and focal but present in 17/21 cases. In 3 cases, sections of unfixed, snap-frozen tumor were compared with formalin-fixed tissue, and these showed strong, diffuse staining for multiple neuroendocrine antigens. Immunostaining for peptide hormones was not observed, with the exception of weak, focal staining for insulin (1 case), calcitonin (1 case) and somatostatin (2 cases). In 13 cases DNA indices and S-phase fractions (SPF) were determined by flow cytometry on nuclear suspensions from paraffin blocks. DNA histograms in 12 of 13 cases had normal range DNA content (diploid) and elevated S-phase fractions (mean 15%, range 8 to 22%). Mean SPF was not significantly different in the group of patients who developed recurrent and/or metastatic disease (15.6%, N = 10) compared with patients without recurrence (15.8%, N = 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma: an immunophenotypic, clinicopathologic, and flow cytometric study. 266 40

Small cell carcinoma with the histological appearance of pulmonary small cell carcinoma is a rare tumour in the urinary bladder. In previous case reports the neuroendocrine nature of small cell bladder carcinoma has been accepted, but on review the evidence for true neuroendocrine differentiation appears unsatisfactory. In this study the histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of three cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder are described. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of all three tumours contained neurosecretory-type granules and each of the tumours demonstrated positive immunoreaction for two or more neuroendocrine markers, from a panel including neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, Leu-7, bombesin and synaptophysin. Although the combination of ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination obviously offers the strongest evidence in establishing neuroendocrine differentiation, it is argued that immunohistochemistry alone may also yield important information in demonstrating a neuroendocrine nature, provided that at least neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin are included as markers. The clinical relevance of identifying neuroendocrine differentiation in small cell bladder carcinoma is suggested by the favourable response to combination chemotherapy in two of our cases.
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PMID:Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evaluation of 3 cases with a review of the literature. 284 30

Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of 52 cases of pulmonary large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (LCUC) as defined in the current WHO classification were studied immunohistochemically to assess features of exocrine and neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation. Monoclonal antibody 44-3A6 was applied to detect a membrane association protein related to exocrine differentiation. A panel of ten neuroendocrine markers including antibodies to synaptophysin, chromogranin A, serotonin, and seven neuropeptides was used to assess NE differentiation. The broad spectrum anticytokeratin antibody PKK1 was used to confirm the epithelial differentiation of these tumors. Exocrine differentiation was detected in 40/52 (77%) of surgically resected LCUC, despite the absence of recognizable glands by light microscopy. Eighteen of 52 (35%) LCUC exhibited NE differentiation; synaptophysin was the most frequently detected NE marker. Cytokeratin immunostaining with PKK1 was demonstrated in 41/52 (79%) cases. Subsets of LCUC were defined based on their expression of exocrine or NE phenotypic markers. Accordingly, 28/52 (54%) LCUC displayed an exocrine phenotype, 6/52 (12%) a NE phenotype, 12/52 (23%) had combined exocrine and NE phenotypes, and 6/52 (12%) exhibited neither phenotype. In this surgical series, there were no significant differences in stage at presentation for the four subsets. Interestingly, two year survival appeared decreased in patients with tumors displaying the "pure" NE phenotype.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical identification of exocrine and neuroendocrine subsets of large cell lung carcinomas. 285 73


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