Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-five chordomas and more than 100 other tumors that have to be considered in the differential diagnosis, were immunohistochemically analyzed using a panel of antibodies including those to subsets of keratins (K), HBME-1, a monoclonal antibody recognizing an unknown antigen on mesothelial cells, and neuroendocrine markers. The patterns of immunoreactivities in chordoma were compared with those in renal cell carcinoma, colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma, pituitary adenoma, skeletal chondrosarcoma, and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (ESMC). Chordomas were consistently positive for keratin cocktail AE1/AE3, and for the individual keratins K8 and K19, and nearly always positive for K5, but they showed negative or only sporadic reactivity for K7 and K20. The keratin K8 and K19 reactivity was retained in those chordomas showing solid sheets of epithelioid, spindle cells, or cartilaginous metaplasia, and in one of two cases showing overtly sarcomatous transformation. In comparison, keratins were never present in skeletal chondrosarcoma, although K8 and to a lesser extent K19 were seen in occasional cases of ESMC with chordoid features. HBME-1 reacted strongly with chordoma and skeletal chondrosarcoma but was almost never positive in renal or colorectal carcinoma. These carcinomas lacked K5-reactivity, in contrast to chordoma. Chordomas were also consistently positive for neuron-specific enolase and occasionally focally for synaptophysin, but never for chromogranin. In contrast, pituitary adenomas regularly expressed the full spectrum of neuroendocrine markers and differed from chordoma by having a narrower repertoire of keratins, often showing negative or focal keratin 8- or AE1/AE3 reactivity and being almost always K19-negative. These findings indicate that chordoma can be immunohistochemically separated from tumors that can resemble it. Immunohistochemistry is especially useful in the diagnosis of small biopsy specimens that offer limited material for morphological observation.
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PMID:Keratin subsets and monoclonal antibody HBME-1 in chordoma: immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between tumors simulating chordoma. 949 Feb 69

The aim of this study was to investigate certain genes for their suitability as molecular markers for detection of breast carcinoma cells using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RNA was prepared from MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and peripheral blood leucocytes of healthy female volunteers. This RNA was screened for mRNA of MUC1, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and CD44 (exons 8-11) by RT-PCR and the results validated by Southern blots. Variable degrees of expression of MUC1 and CD44 (exons 8-11) were detected in normal peripheral blood, rendering these genes non-specific for epithelial cells and therefore unsuitable for use as markers to detect breast carcinoma cells. Although CK19 mRNA was apparently specific, it was deemed unsuitable for use as a marker of breast cancer cells in light of its limited sensitivity. Furthermore, an attempt at using nested primers to increase sensitivity resulted in CK19 mRNA being detected after two amplification rounds in blood from healthy volunteers.
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PMID:Putative markers for the detection of breast carcinoma cells in blood. 957 23

A new human lung large cell carcinoma cell line producing cytokeratin 19 fragment(CYFRA) and sialyl Lewis X-i antigen(SLX), designated TKB-13, was established from a patent in our laboratory. The cell line grew in a monolayer and had a polygonal epitheloid appearance in phase-contrast microscopy. The doubling time of TKB-13 cells was approximately 32 hours in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium with 5% fetal bovine serum. TKB-13 cells could be transplanted to nude mice and the histological characteristics were the same as those of resected tissue from the primary site. Positive reactions for CYFRA and for SLX were seen within the cytoplasm of TKB-13 cells by immunocytochemical staining. Both CYFRA and SLX were detected in the culture supernatant. Our results suggested that TKB-13 cell line is available for experimental studies on the biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer.
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PMID:Lung cancer cell line producing cytokeratin 19 fragment and sialyl Lewis X-i antigen. 961 62

Detection and quantitation of circulating cancer cells in peripheral blood may improve cancer staging and monitoring. This study explored the feasibility of using circulating cancer cell detection in peripheral blood for the rapid assessment of chemotherapeutic response. Cytokeratin 19 mRNA was amplified by nested reverse transcriptase-PCR in the peripheral blood of 29 healthy volunteers, 33 pneumonia patients, and 86 lung cancer patients. Circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood were semiquantitatively determined by taking the ratio of cytokeratin 19 band intensity from the second round of nested PCR to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase band intensity from the first round of PCR amplification. The detection limit of the method was 1 cancer cell in 107 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The positive detection rate was 40% for lung adenocarcinoma patients of all stages, 41% for squamous carcinoma patients of all stages, and 27% for small cell lung cancer patients. Only one control sample from a pneumonia patient showed a positive result (1.6%). The quantitative method reliably and sensitively estimated cancer cell numbers in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. Serial measurement of the relative number of circulating cancer cells correlated with the tumor burden and treatment response of patients. This method may help rapidly assess the efficacy of anticancer treatment, redefine cancer staging, and facilitate the design of better therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer patients.
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PMID:Detection and quantitation of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. 966 88

Permanent human tumor cell lines are an important tool for the study of breast cancer. Two new breast cancer cell lines (BrCa-MZ-01 and BrCa-MZ-02) were isolated from a solid tumor and a pleural effusion, respectively. One cell line was established from a medullary carcinoma, the other from a ductal carcinoma. These cells exhibit ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of epithelial cells of mammary origin. Intermediate filament and cytokeratin typing showed a clear predominance of the simple-epithelial cytokeratins CK 8, CK 18 and CK 19, although the expression was reduced in comparison to the hormone receptor-positive reference cell lines MCF-7 and ZR-75-1. Both cell lines produced slow-growing tumors after subcutaneous (s.c.) transplantation of 1 x 10(7) viable tumor cells into nude mice. The cell line BrCa-MZ-01 expresses the estrogen and progesterone receptor, whereas the cell line BrCa-MZ-02 remains negative. Both cell lines are positive for secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) is only secreted by the cell line BrCa-MZ-02.
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PMID:Differential characteristics of two new tumorigenic cell lines of human breast carcinoma origin. 966 5

In stratified squamous epithelia, altered expression of keratins (Ks) is one possible marker of malignant potential. In the epithelium of the uterine cervix, presence of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is increasingly regarded as a marker of risk for cervical cancer. However, a similar role in oral cancer and precancer remains controversial. To address these questions, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral carcinomas from Sudanese snuff dippers (n=14) and oral carcinomas from Sudanese (n=14), Swedish (n=19) and Norwegian (n=41) non-snuff dippers were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of K types 13, 14 and 19 using monoclonal antibodies. HPV infection was searched for in all the carcinomas by in situ hybridization (ISH) using the cocktail HPV OmniProbe and the ViraType probe. Carcinomas from Sudanese (snuff dippers/non-snuff dippers) were also examined for HPV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the general HPV primers GP5+/GP6+. For the oral carcinomas from snuff dippers, moderate to intense expression of K13 (71%; 10/14), K14 (86%; 12/14) and K19 (93%; 13/14) was found. For the oral carcinomas from non-snuff dippers, weak to moderate expression of K13 (64%; 47/74), K14 (43%; 32/74) and K19 (45%; 33/74) was found. HPV DNA was not detected in any of the carcinomas from three countries when examined by ISH. The Sudanese (from snuff dippers/non-snuff dippers) oral carcinomas were also negative for HPV DNA with the PCR. The present study shows that (i) there is a high level of expression of K13, K14 and K19 in oral carcinomas from snuff dippers compared to those from non-snuff dippers, (ii) this high level of expression may arise from dysregulation of keratinocyte proliferation and maturation caused by damaging effects of snuff, (iii) the HPV genome is not found in Sudanese (snuff dippers/non-snuff dippers), Swedish or Norwegian oral carcinomas, and (iv) this may suggest that these viruses do not play a prominent role in the aetiology of oral carcinomas from these countries.
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PMID:Expression of keratin 13, 14 and 19 in oral squamous cell carcinomas from Sudanese snuff dippers: lack of association with human papillomavirus infection. 983 98

Use of a cell culture model of a specific epithelium requires documentation of its differentiation. This study reports permeability of mannitol concurrent with a profile of differentiation markers of filter-grown TR146 cells, a cell line originating from a human buccal carcinoma, cultivated submerged or at the air-liquid interface for 23 to 31 d. A multilayered squamous epithelial-like tissue was found. The maximal permeability barrier and the most distinct stratification were obtained at day 23, when cultured submerged (apparent permeability coefficient 4.08 +/- 0.15 (x 10(-6)) cm/s; transepithelial electrical resistance 102 +/- 5 omega x cm2). The profile of differentiation markers demonstrated similarities to normal human buccal epithelium by expression of K4, K10, K13, K16, and K19 keratins, plasma membrane-associated transglutaminase, involucrin, and epidermal growth factor receptor. Uniform expression of K5, K8 and K18 was consistent with the carcinogenic origin of TR146 cells. Identical profiles of differentiation markers were obtained irrespective of method or time of culture. Karyotyping proved the human origin of TR146 cells. Three different passages had near triploid (3n+-) chromosome compliments and consistent occurrence of four marker chromosomes [mar4, mar5, mar9, and add(5)(p)], while differences between them defined them as subclones. The results indicate that a submerged filter-grown TR146 cell culture at day 23 of culture has the potential to model the human buccal epithelial barrier for permeation of drugs.
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PMID:Filter-grown TR146 cells as an in vitro model of human buccal epithelial permeability. 1023 63

To determine the clinical efficacy of serum concentration of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), sera from 66 patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma were examined, and 54 surgically resected specimens were immunohistochemically stained for cytokeratin 19 (CK-19). The patients with positive CK-19 staining in the tissues of their carcinomas had significantly higher serum CYFRA 21-1 levels compared with those with negative CK-19 staining. When the cut-off value was defined as 2.0 ng/mL, CYFRA 21-1 had a higher positive ratio than that of either squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) or carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Serum CYFRA 21-1 level increased significantly along with the clinical stages. In addition, serum CYFRA 21-1 level served as a prognostic factor for patients with oesophageal carcinoma after surgery, whilst SSC-Ag and CEA is not connected with the outcome. These findings suggest that the serum CYFRA 21-1 probably originated from the tumour tissue is an important marker for determining the stage and outcome of oesophageal carcinoma.
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PMID:Serum level of cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) indicates tumour stage and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. 1038 40

The follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPTC) is characterized by follicular growth pattern and tumor cells with appropriate nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. However, occasionally these lesions may show focal or multifocal instead of diffuse distribution of nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. Such lesions can be underdiagnosed as benign follicular nodule. Previous studies have shown that cytokeratins, especially 19, are helpful in differentiating papillary carcinoma from other benign and malignant follicular patterned lesions. In this study, we applied monoclonal antibodies to CK5/6/18, CK18, CK10/13, CK20, CK17, and CK19 to paraffin sections of formaldehyde-fixed tissue from 26 cases of FVPTC with multifocal distribution of papillary cancer nuclei, 10 cases of usual variant of papillary carcinoma, 1 case of Warthin's tumor-like papillary carcinoma, and 2 cases of the columnar cell carcinoma. CK19 stained strongly and diffusely all cases of papillary carcinoma. FVPTC cases showed strong staining of the areas with papillary cancer nuclei in all cases and moderate to strong staining in areas of tumor without obvious nuclear features of papillary cancer. Normal thyroid parenchyma adjacent to the tumor nodule showed focal staining in most cases; however, tissue away from the tumor nodule failed to show any staining. All cases of usual type of papillary carcinoma, 2 of columnar cell carcinoma, and 1 Warthin's tumor-like papillary carcinoma showed strong and diffuse staining with CK19 and failed to show any staining of adjacent normal thyroid parenchyma. Similar but less intense staining patterns were seen with CK17 and CK20. The control group, consisting of cases of follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and hyperplastic nodule, showed no staining with CK19. We suggest that if one is using immunohistochemistry to aid in the diagnosis of cases of FVPTC with multifocal distribution of nuclear features of papillary cancer, an antibody panel comprising CKs 17, 19, and 20 may prove helpful. In addition, we hypothesize that the staining of adjacent nontumorous thyroid parenchyma with CK19, seen only in cases of FVPTC, suggests that some factors secreted/produced by this particular tumor may lead to modification in keratin expression of surrounding follicular epithelium.
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PMID:Differential expression of cytokeratins in follicular variant of papillary carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study and its diagnostic utility. 1053 63

Cytokeratin (CK) immunohistochemistry revealed changes in the CK19 immunoreactivity in human gastrointestinal epithelium during embryonic and fetal development. These changes were particularly marked in the jejunum and ileum. CK19 immunoreactivity was strong up to the 11th week of pregnancy, but was absent between weeks 12 and 17, and reappeared weakly from week 18 to week 24. This temporal pattern correlated with that of cell proliferation investigated by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Marked CK expression was associated with a low proliferative rate and vice versa. To test whether these results were relevant to the assessment of intestinal metaplasia and the risk of malignant transformation with poor cell differentiation, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the colon, intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, and two types of gastric carcinoma were also examined by CK19 immunohistochemistry. Substantial CK19 immunoreactivity was found in well-differentiated cancers and low-grade dysplasias with low cell proliferation, whereas only weak CK19 immunoreactivity was found in poorly differentiated carcinomas and high-grade dysplasias with a high proliferation rate.
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PMID:Cytokeratin 19 expression in human gastrointestinal mucosa during human prenatal development and in gastrointestinal tumours: relation to cell proliferation. 1057 Nov 27


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