Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 514 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated between 1970 and 1987, 34 (6.6%) had distant metastases. Twelve patients died of their distant metastases; eight of these patients died within 5 years from the time of initial diagnosis. Death from cancer was most frequent in the seventh decade. The metastases were most often found in the lungs and bones. In the fatal group, pleural, brain, and pericardial metastases were noted. Local recurrences were found only in 24% of these 34 patients. Histologic types of primary thyroid tumors and metastatic tumors were reexamined and classified using our criteria, which were mainly based on the World Health Organization nomenclature and currently obtained pathologic observations of thyroid tumors. In 31 thyroid tumors, the surgical specimens were available for review. Twenty-four tumors were papillary and seven were follicular. Of the 24 papillary carcinomas, nine were follicular, eight were well-differentiated, and seven were trabecular. On the other hand, the seven follicular carcinomas consisted of four well-differentiated, two solid, and one oxyphilic. The majority of the thyroid tumors showed an extrathyroidal extension; however, two were intrathyroidal carcinomas and two were encapsulated carcinomas, larger than 5 cm in diameter. Distant metastases were confirmed morphologically in 18 patients (11 by surgical or biopsy material, five by autopsy, and two by cytology). The histologic types of metastatic tumors were consistent with those of primary thyroid tumors. Diagnostic 131I uptake was examined in 32 patients and absorption of diagnostic 131I in metastatic tumors was demonstrated in 21 patients. The 10-year survival rate of patients with 131I accumulating metastases (70%) was significantly better than that of patients with metastases lacking such uptake (40%). Immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin in metastatic tumors was correlated with the 131I absorption. This finding indicated that immunostaining of thyroglobulin in metastatic tumors might be useful in the prediction of the effectiveness of 131I therapy.
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PMID:Distant metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinomas: a clinical and pathologic study. 231 6

Clinical and radioimmunoassay investigations performed in 162 patients with different thyroid diseases, have shown that changes in the levels of T3, T4 and TSH do not allow assessment of the nature of a tumor process. The level of calcitonin is a tumor marker of medullary carcinoma and C-cell thyroid adenomas. In the absence of pathological changes in the thyroid an increase in the level of thyroglobulin can be regarded as a tumor marker of metastatic growth of papillary and papillary-follicular cancer.
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PMID:[The differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer using radioimmunologic analysis]. 231 97

Serum thyroglobulin was measured in 243 samples from 84 patients (20 men and 64 women, with a mean age of 48.9(14) years) with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated by lobectomy, and in 58 patients treated by total thyroidectomy. Both groups were given thyroxine to suppress thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Three patients in the lobectomy group and eight in the thyroidectomy group had evidence of tumour recurrence. Serum thyroglobulin concentration was elevated in the presence of known recurrent tumour (P less than 0.001) irrespective of the type of operation, and in its absence tended to be higher in the lobectomy than in the thyroidectomy group (median 4 micrograms/l versus 2 micrograms/l, P less than 0.05). Serum thyroglobulin levels of less than 10 micrograms/l could confirm the absence of otherwise known tumour recurrence in both groups with a specificity of 100 per cent, and sensitivities of 80 per cent and 86 per cent in the lobectomy and thyroidectomy groups respectively. Exclusion of samples liable to spurious elevation of thyroglobulin improved the sensitivity in the lobectomy group to 92 per cent. Despite the presence of residual thyroid tissue, measurement of serum thyroglobulin can exclude the presence of significant metastases in most patients following lobectomy for thyroid carcinoma.
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PMID:Measurement of serum thyroglobulin is of value in detecting tumour recurrence following treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma by lobectomy. 232 2

We report a case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid exhibiting unusual cribriform structures. The thyroid origin of the tumor was confirmed by positive immunostaining for thyroglobulin.
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PMID:Cribriform variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. 234 66

In a 68-year-old Japanese woman, who had a right supraclavicular cyst containing thyroglobulin-rich fluid, metastatic adenocarcinoma was demonstrated in the cyst. A subsequent total thyroidectomy showed a papillary carcinoma measuring 11 mm in the ipsilateral lobe of the thyroid. A high thyroglobulin level in a cervical cyst may facilitate the detection of hidden primary cancer in the thyroid.
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PMID:Latent carcinoma of the thyroid manifested by cystic supraclavicular metastasis. 237 Jun 99

40 cases of thyroid carcinoma comprising of 22 follicular, 11 papillary, 4 medullary, 2 anaplastic and 1 medullary carcinoma with focal areas of papillary differentiation were selected for this immunohistochemical study for the presence of thyroglobulin, calcitonin and somatostatin. As per the functional classification recommended by Otto L Jungberg, 22 cases were well differentiated, 13 were of intermediate differentiation with 3 poorly differentiated cases. 2 cases of anaplastic carcinoma were negative for all the 3 markers. Correlation between functional classification and histological pattern show 77% of the well differentiated type to be of follicular pattern with the rest consisting of papillary carcinoma. In the intermediate type 38.4% were follicular carcinoma, 15.3% medullary carcinoma and the rest, papillary carcinoma. Poorly differentiated type consisted of 2 medullary carcinomas. Contrary to previous reports, functional differentiation did not always correlate with histological pattern.
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PMID:Histological and functional correlation of thyroid carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. 239 74

The thyroids from 101 consecutive autopsies from Finland were subserially sectioned at 2- to 3-mm intervals. From 36 thyroids, 52 foci of occult papillary carcinoma (OPC) were found, giving a prevalence rate of 35.6%, the highest reported rate in the world. The rate was higher, although not significantly, in males (43.3%) than in females (27.1%), but it did not correlate to the age of the patients. Twenty-six glands contained one tumor focus and ten glands contained two to five tumor foci. Only a minority of the smallest tumors can be detected with the method used. The probable number of OPCs over 0.15 mm in diameter was calculated to be about 300 in this material. The tumor diameter varied from 0.15 mm to 14.0 mm, with 67% of tumors under 1.0 mm. The smallest tumors were usually circumscribed and were composed almost solely of follicles. Larger tumors had more papillary structures and were often invasive. Fibrosis and, in the largest OPCs, lymphocytic reaction were seen around the invasive islands. All tumors were positively stained for thyroglobulin and all but one of the tumors stained positively for epidermal keratin. OPC appears to arise from follicular cells of normal follicles. Apparently the great majority of the tumors remain small and circumscribed and even from those few tumors that grow larger and become invasive OPCs only a minimal proportion will ever become a clinical carcinoma. According to the study, OPC can be regarded as a normal finding which should not be treated when incidentally found. In order to avoid unnecessary operations it is suggested that incidentally found small OPCs (less than 5 mm in diameter) were called occult papillary tumor instead of carcinoma.
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PMID:Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A "normal" finding in Finland. A systematic autopsy study. 240 37

Monoclonal antibodies specific for human thyroglobulin (Tg) from normal subjects were prepared by the hybridoma technique. Antibodies from three clones (clones B2F, C6E, and C6G) were found to produce linear Scatchard plots, as predicted for homogeneous antibodies. Based on different patterns of cross-reactivity with Tg from various species, these monoclonal antibodies recognized different determinants on the Tg molecule. Moreover, antibodies from clone B2F bound simultaneously with clone C6E or C6G to Tg. Therefore, antibody from clone B2F must bind to a site on Tg distant from those recognized by clone C6E or C6G. The monoclonal antibodies C6G and C6E bound almost equally to normal Tg and Tg from patients with Graves' disease, adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and papillary adenocarcinoma. In contrast, whereas clone B2F bound equally well to normal Tg and Tg from patients with Graves' disease, adenoma, and follicular carcinoma, this clone bound poorly to Tg from patients with papillary adenocarcinoma. Since the binding activity of clone B2F for unfolded or degenerated Tg was remarkably decreased, these differences in binding activities to native Tg may reflect changes in conformation of the Tg molecule. Thus, the results indicate there may be conformational changes in Tg from patients with different thyroid diseases.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies to thyroglobulin elucidate differences in protein structure of thyroglobulin in healthy individuals and those with papillary adenocarcinoma. 240 2

A comparative study was performed by the use of immunoperoxidase staining of 11 cases of thyroid microcarcinoma and 7 cases of clinically manifested thyroid carcinoma. Antibodies against four kinds of cytoskeletal proteins and thyroglobulin were used. In both the microcarcinoma and manifested carcinoma groups, actin and myosin were found in almost all neoplastic cells of all patients, and keratin and vimentin were present in the tumor cells of several patients. Keratin was found only in papillary carcinoma cells. Thyroglobulin was present in the neoplastic cells of several patients from each group; follicular carcinoma cells and keratin-negative cells reacted more strongly with thyroglobulin than did papillary carcinoma cells or keratin-positive cells. There was no special difference between microcarcinoma and clinically manifested carcinoma in the location of cytoskeletal proteins and thyroglobulin.
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PMID:The localization of cytoskeletal proteins and thyroglobulin in thyroid microcarcinoma in comparison with clinically manifested thyroid carcinoma. 241 84

Four hundred thirty surgical and biopsy specimens of malignant thyroid tumors of 323 patients were analyzed by histologic and immunocytochemical examination for their thyroglobulin (TG) content. Almost 95% of the differentiated thyroid carcinomas of follicular origin contained immunoreactive TG. The authors could not demonstrate TG in anaplastic carcinomas. Postoperative follow-up and serum TG determinations were available for 111 athyroid patients. Serum TG was elevated in five patients with metastatic or recurrent moderately differentiated follicular carcinoma, in two patients with metastasizing papillary, and in one patient with anaplastic carcinoma. Four patients had detectable serum TG levels without clinical and radiologic evidence of recurrence or metastases. In addition to conventional histologic examination, immunocytochemical demonstration of TG is a reliable and valuable aid in the diagnosis, classification, and determination of the grade of differentiation of malignant thyroid tumors. From this the pathologist can provide a pathologic basis for postoperative patient management.
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PMID:Thyroglobulin production by malignant thyroid tumors. An immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay study. 241 94


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