Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tissues from normal thyroid, euthyroid multinodular goiter, toxic goiter, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid adenoma, and carcinoma were examined for their content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thyroid peroxidase activity (TPA), thyroglobulin (TG), and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Compared with normal thyroids DNA was increased in the neoplastic tissues and decreased in euthyroid multinodular goiter. Quantitative changes of thyroglobulin were observed, especially in the thyroid tumors, and, in one case, immunoreactive 4S thyroglobulin-like protein was identified in the absence of 19S. TPA was grossly elevated in toxic goiter. This may be of significance in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. TPA remained elevated even after adequate control of hyperthyroidism by preoperative PTU treatment. The cyclic AMP concentration in toxic goiter did not statistically differ from normal. This may indicate that extrathyroidal regulatory factors have a lesser role in the genesis and perpetuation of Graves' disease than otherwise believed. Cyclic AMP is known to exert a negative influence on tissue growth, and low concentrations in neoplasia have been reported. The values in the thyroid tumors studied were elevated, requiring further explanation.
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PMID:Thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, cAMP and DNA in human thyroid. 18 98

Thyroglobulin was found by the immunoperoxidase technique in routine histological sections of biopsies from all of 30 proven cases of well differentiated papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma examined, in one of 20 anaplastic thyroid tumours and in none of 49 other tumours examined. Immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin in thyroidal or extrathyroidal tumours is of diagnostic value in confirming that the thyroid is the tissue of origin. Well differentiated tumours lacking thyroglobulin probably do not arise from thyroid epithelium.
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PMID:Diagnosis of primary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin. 38 Nov 43

Twelve cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma were investigated ty the immunoperoxidase method using anti-calcitonin, anti-C-thyroglobulin (C-Tg, C cell-immunoreactive thyroglobulin) and anti-19S thyroglobulin antisera. Tumor cells as well as normal C cells revealed distinct immunoreaction for C-Tg besides for calcitonin. In contrast to normal C cells, the tumor cells were stained more intensely by anti-Ctg antiserum than by anti-calcitonin antiserum. Furthermore, there occurred several tumors or some areas of tumors which showed strong response to anti-C-Tg antiserum but weak or no response to anti-calcitonin antiserum. Thus, medullary carcinoma cells synthesized far greater amounts of C-Tg than calcitonin. The small follicles were occasionally observed mingled in typical cell solid masses. They stored colloid-like materials which were intensely immunoreactive to C-Tg but nonreactive to calcitonin. The specific immunoreaction patterns to anti-C-Tg and anti-calcitonin antisera were also obtained on the ground materials of the amyloid. On the histogenesis of amyloids of medullary carcinoma, the C-Tg could be the presursor of the fibrillar protein of amyloids and the component of the fibrillar protein also closely related to calcitonin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the medullary thyroid carcinoma with reference to C-thyroglobulin reaction of tumor cells. 38 9

A specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml has been developed for measuring thyroglobulin (Tg) in human serum. As endogenous anti-Tg antibodies in serum interfere in the assay, only sera with a negative tanned red cell (TRC) test are suitable for analysis. Tg was detectable in 84.7% of the euthyroid subjects, with a mean value of 6.1 (values ranging from nondetectable to 43.0 ng/ml). Values were significantly higher in women than in men. Tg release by the thyroid appears to be under pituitary control, as suggested by TSH stimulation and T3 suppression tests. Elevated Tg levels were found in hyperthyroidism, simple goitre, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The significance of circulating Tg and the possible application of the Tg RIA are discussed.
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PMID:A radioimmunoassay for human thyroglobulin: methodology and clinical applications. 41 73

Four cases of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid, composed of one small cell carcinoma and three giant cell carcinomas, were studied with electron microscope. In the case of small cell carcinoma, fine cytoplasmic interdigitations and junctional complex between apposing cytoplasmic membranes of neighbouring tumor cells and a few microlumina within tumor cell clusters surrounded by well-defined basal lamina were seen. In the cases of giant cell carcinoma, occasional cytoplasmic interdigitations as well as desmosomal structures were detected even in tumor cells markedly pleomorphic and anaplastic. Abundant cytoplasmic organelles including profiles of Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and a few mitochondria were seen in the cytoplasm of tumor cell of all four cases. Of interest to note was that all giant cell carcinomas demonstrated evidences of fairly well differentiated tumor within anaplastic carcinoma, indicating probable pre-existing either benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm more differentiated, with its subsequent anaplastic transformation. Findings in the present study support an assumption that these anaplastic tumors are derived from the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. In addition, it can be said that tumor cells of the small cell carcinoma provide evidences suggesting functional differentiation of carcinoma cells to a certain extent, yet unable to produce thyroglobulin.
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PMID:Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland. An ultrastructural study on four cases. 43 88

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was measured by radioimmunoassay in sixty-two control subjects, 163 euthyroid patients with nodular goitre and eighty-one patients with previously treated differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Tg was elevated in 65% of nodular goitres and failed to fall with thyroxine treatment in ten/fifteen patients treated. A diagnosis of differentiated carcinoma was confirmed in fourteen/sixty-four of these patients and Tg was elevated in twelve. Of sixty-five treated thyroid carcinoma patients without evidence of residual tumour, serum Tg was undetectable in thirty-nine, normal in twenty-four and elevated in two. There was evidence of residual tissue in the thyroid in seventeen of the patients with detectable Tg. Of the sixteen patients with residual tumour or metastases Tg was elevated in fifteen. There was a positive correlation between goitre size and Tg levels in multinodular goitre, and thyroid carcinomas of large bulk were associated with higher Tg levels. Serum Tg was normal in medullary carcinoma and in two patients with thyroid metastases from extra-thyroidal malignancies. High Tg levels in patients with residual metastases from thyroid carcinoma following thyroid ablation indicates Tg production by tumour tissue. Measurement of serum Tg of limited value in the differential diagnosis of nodular thyroid disease. It is particularly useful following surgery and 131I therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In these patients it gives confirmation of thyroid albation and may provide evidence of residual tumour tissue when the other tests are negative.
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PMID:Serum thyroglobulin in the diagnosis and management of thyroid carcinoma. 43 3

Thyroglobulin concentrations were determined radioimmunologically in the sera of 53 patients operated for thyroid carcinoma. 37 patients without metastases or recurrence had either very low (up to maximally 15 ng/ml) or non-demonstrable thyroglobulin concentrations, whereas 16 patients with metastases showed values of more than 40 ng/ml up to maximal values of more than 1000 ng/ml. In the majority of patients follow-up controls, in part up to 2 years, were performed. A far-reaching conformity of thyroglobulin concentrations with scintigraphic or clinical findings of metastases was shown. Thyroglobulin estimation in operated thyroid cancer patients is thus an important contribution to the aftercare.
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PMID:[Serum thyroglobulin estimation for follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma (author's transl)]. 46 54

A direct radioimmunoassay for human serum thyroglobulin (TG) has been developed. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 7.5 ng/ml. The serum values in normal subjects were between 0 and 44 ng/ml (n = 34, 21 female subjects, 13 male subjects). In 22 of the 34 subjects, TG was not detectable. The mean value of TG in a group of 19 subjects with multinodular goiter was 115.8 +/- 62.7 ng/ml (mean +/- SD). A group of 16 thyrotoxic individuals also had an elevated TG concentration (107 +/- 71 ng/ml). The serum TG levels in 6 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma with metastases were much more elevated than in any other clinical situation (3430 +/- 1100 ng/ml). In patients with thyroid cancer in clinical remission (n = 9), the TG levels were normal. In 2 patients with non-differentiated thyroid tumors, TG was not detectable. The major methodological problem in TG determination is the presence of anti-TG autoantibodies which may interfere with the radioimmunoassay.
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PMID:[Clinical value of human thyroglobulin measurement]. 53 48

A nontender goiter rapidly developed in a 54-year-old patient with suspected disseminated carcinoma. Thyroid function tests showed increased thyroxine, triiodothyronine resin uptake, free thyroxine index, and free thyroxine. Radioactive iodine uptake by the gland was near zero, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was undetectable. Histologic examination of the thyroid before and after death showed invasion and disruption of the thyroid follicles by adenocarcinoma (pancreatic primary). Release of thyroglobulin by follicular disruption probably resulted in hyperthyroxinemia and suppression of TSH and radioactive iodine uptake, as occurs in subacute thyroiditis.
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PMID:Hyperthyroidism from thyroid metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 57 80

Parallel measurements of circulating anti-thyroid microsomal (anti-M) antibodies by radioassay and haemagglutination were performed on subjects with or without thyroid disorders. Three-quarters (75.4%) of control subjects had undetectable antibody levels (less than 10 u/ml) by radioassay and only 3.1% had concentrations of greater than or equal to 75 u/ml. Abnormally elevated levels (greater than or equal to 75 u/ml) were found in most of the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (94.1%) or idiopathic myxoedema (86.7%), in the majority (75.0%) of those with Graves' disease and only in a minority of those with other thyroid disorders. The percentage of positive sera by haemagglutination was very similar in all groups to that of abnormal values observed in the radioassay. Direct comparison of parallel tests on a total of 631 sera revealed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001) between the two methods, but elevated antibody titres by haemagglutination were found in some sera with negative radioassays. All these sera were from a single patient with thyroid carcinoma associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and had elevated levels of anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies. Evidence that such discrepancies were due to anti-Tg antibodies reacting with microsomal-bound Tg was provided by the demonstration that the haemagglutination produced by these sera could be completely inhibited by the addition of Tg. A similar inhibition was observed with two rabbit antisera to human Tg, but not with sera from patients with thyroid autoimmune disorders containing high levels of anti-microsomal anti-bodies.
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PMID:Comparison of radioassay and haemagglutination methods for anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies. 58 27


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