Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to detect the mRNA transcribed from the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1), thymine-thymine (T-T) dimerized single-stranded DNA probes have been utilized for hybridization with mRNA either on nitrocellulose filters or in cells and tissues. S1 nuclease digestion rather than sonication was used to obtain short T-T dimerized single-stranded DNA (300-400 bases) so that they could penetrate well into the cytoplasm. The hybridized T-T DNA was detected immunohistochemically using rabbit anti-T-T DNA antibody (Ab) and peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG Ab. Employing this system, MDR1 mRNA could be localized clearly in the human multidrug-resistant cell lines K562/ADM, CEM/VLB, 2780AD, and KBC4 cells as well as in human fetal kidney and gastric carcinoma. Furthermore, our system successfully detected the expression of MDR1 mRNA in cell lines of increasing resistance. These results paralleled results obtained at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. The analysis of MDR1 RNA expression by this in situ hybridization technique should be useful in the study of normal human tissues and tumor samples expressing the MDR1 gene.
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PMID:In situ localization of the human multidrug-resistance gene mRNA using thymine-thymine dimerized single-stranded cDNA. 197 30

The effects of GSH depletion in a human breast cancer cell line and a multi-drug resistant subline (ADRr) were determined in a number of experimental conditions. The ADRr cells contained lower GSH concentration which cannot be explained solely on the basis of differences in cell kinetics, and yet the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was increased 2-fold. Inhibition of GSH synthesis by BSO resulted in more rapid and more pronounced GSH depletion in ADRr compared to the wild-type cells, suggesting that enhanced GSH utilization and efflux in the resistant cells account for the lowered basal concentration. In addition, the gamma-glutamyl moiety salvage enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was reduced markedly in the ADRr cell line. Since these cells have overexpression of the efflux pump protein P-glycoprotein, we examined the effects on cellular GSH of inhibition of the pump's function by verapamil. We found that verapamil significantly depleted cellular GSH. In a rat mammary carcinoma cell line selected in Adriamycin for multi-drug resistance, a similar molecular phenotype has been described including diminished cellular GSH concentration. Verapamil treatment of these cells also resulted in significant depletion of cellular GSH. These results are consistent with the recent report that combined treatment of BSO and verapamil has an additive effect on cytotoxicity. It is likely that decreased basal GSH concentration is due to oxidation and conjugation of it in reactions catalyzed by the enhanced peroxidase and GST found in these cells.
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PMID:Glutathione depletion in human and in rat multi-drug resistant breast cancer cell lines. 199 9

Forty-five consecutive cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were morphologically and immunocytochemically studied using monoclonal (anti-B and anti-T cell) and polyclonal (anti-S100 protein and antilysozyme) antibodies with the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method to identify infiltrating lymphocytes (T and B cell) and histiocytes (monocytic/macrophagic and dendritic cells) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A variable density of dendritic cells was found within the tumor nests in 22 (49%) of 45 nasopharyngeal carcinomas examined; infiltrating macrophages were demonstrated in 15 (33%) specimens and around the tumor in almost all cases. Cases with moderate or marked density of dendritic cells (S100+) survived longer than those without such infiltration (mean 5-year survival rates of 31%, 55%, or 64% in patients with absent, moderate, or marked densities, respectively; P less than 0.05). A significant relationship between monocytic/macrophagic cells (lysozyme+) within the tumor and survival was also found (mean 5-year survival rate of 27% or 61% in patients with absent, moderate, or marked densities, respectively). However, lymphocytic infiltration was not statistically related to a better survival. Analyzing lymphocytic infiltration, we found a large prevalence of T cells in the neoplastic tissue without any prognostic significance. These data were correlated to different histological subtypes according to the principal histological classifications of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (Micheau, et al.; World Health Organization; Cologne University) to individualize the scheme which correlates best with prognosis and biological features of nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Our data suggest that, considering dendritic cells and macrophages within cancer nests, nasopharyngeal carcinoma histiotypes can be correlated to patient prognosis.
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PMID:Correlations between histopathological and biological findings in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its prognostic significance. 203 Jun 28

Dormant and regressing implants of C3H mammary carcinoma MC2 were always found to be surrounded by a cellular fibrous capsule where macrophages and T cells predominated as the cellular elements. Macrophages were always closely associated with the collagen deposition, and stained with anti-collagen type I immuno-peroxidase in tissue sections. The capacities of macrophages and T-lymphocytes to function in collagen formation was investigated with the use of Nucleopore chambers implanted i.p. in normal mice. The procollagen that entered the chambers via the pores, was assumed to have been produced by the packed layer of peritoneal macrophages that adhered firmly to the outside of washed chambers. The adherent cells all stained with Mac-1 immuno-peroxidase, and phagocytosed yeast in short-term culture. The formation of collagen fibres in the chambers was enhanced if the chambers contained T lymphocytes. It appears that macrophages have the capacity to function as collagen producing cells in tumour encapsulation.
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PMID:Collagen production by macrophages in tumour encapsulation and dormancy. 163 71

Mouse lung tumors were induced transplacentally in offspring by treating C3H/HeNCrMTV- and Swiss Webster [Tac:(SW)fBR] mice during different periods of gestation with a single i.p. injection of N-nitrosoethylurea (ENU) at 0.5 mmol or 0.74 mmol/kg. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the lung tumors in the offspring at ages ranging from 1 week to 52 weeks was carried out by light microscopic study of hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) serial and step sections. By nitroblue tetrazolium enzyme histochemistry, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (seen predominantly in Clara cells) was localized in frozen tissue sections. By avidin-biotin peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry, various specific cellular and nuclear markers were investigated on paraffin sections (antisera against surfactant apoprotein, Clara cell antigen, lysozyme, and 5-bromo-2' deoxyuridine). Normal lung and lung tumors were also studied by electron microscopy. A histological method was developed to assess all lesions present in the entire lung. It was shown that solid and papillary tumor types arose individually and that mixed solid/papillary forms represented a progression of the benign solid adenoma to the malignant papillary carcinoma. Immunocytochemical localization of DNA synthesis with 5-bromo-2' deoxyuridine gave the highest labeling indices at early stages of tumor growth. As the size of the papillary tumors increased, fewer nuclei were labeled/mm2 of tumor section. Lack of both specific Clara cell antigen and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and the absence of typical nonosmiophilic Clara cell granules indicated a cell of origin other than Clara cells. Evidence for alveolar type II cell origin of both solid and papillary neoplasms in spontaneous and induced tumors was found in the expression of surfactant apoprotein, the presence of mature lamellar bodies (solid tumors) or small lamellar bodies, and immature stages of lamellar bodies (papillary tumors). Lysozyme was present in mature alveolar type II cells and solid tumors but absent in fetal lung and papillary neoplasms. Tumors induced on gestation day 14 or day 16 had all developed by 2 weeks of age and generally did not increase in multiplicity with age, whereas those induced on day 18 showed a protracted development with regard to frequency, growth (size), and progression. The multiplicity of mouse lung tumors induced at different stages of fetal development paralleled the number of alveolar type II precursor cells (i.e., followed a bell-shaped pattern peaking on day 16 of gestation).
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PMID:Origin of spontaneous and transplacentally induced mouse lung tumors from alveolar type II cells. 205 24

Women with breast cancer have an increased risk of developing primary ovarian tumors. Because a differential diagnosis between primary and metastatic tumors may be difficult in poorly differentiated ovarian neoplasms, breast carcinoma markers may be helpful in establishing the primary site of origin. Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), a well-known marker of apocrine differentiation, has been reported as a highly specific and sensitive breast carcinoma marker. To evaluate the usefulness of GCDFP-15 as a marker for metastatic breast cancer, we have studied, by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique, 14 cases of breast cancer metastatic to the ovary and compared them with 32 primary ovarian tumors and seven cases of ovarian metastases other than breast in origin. Two cases of primary ovarian cancer metastatic to the breast were also included. A strong cytoplasmic immunostaining was found in 10 of 14 cases (71%) of ovarian metastasis from breast carcinoma, and in most cases a characteristic paranuclear staining was noted. All primary ovarian tumors were negative. Ovarian metastases from tumors other than breast and both cases of ovarian carcinoma metastatic to the breast were negative. These results are highly significant (P less than .00001) and demonstrate the value of GCDFP-15 in establishing a primary breast origin among neoplasms of unknown origin involving the ovaries.
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PMID:Value of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 in distinguishing metastatic breast carcinomas among poorly differentiated neoplasms involving the ovary. 205 Mar 70

Carcinomas were induced to the thyroid gland of female rats, using a method originally proposed by Thomas and Bollmann (metachronous application of nitrosomethylurea and methylthiouracil), to establish cytomorphological, histomorphological, cytochemical, and flow-cytophotometric criteria for diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. Verification was also intended of the diagnostic value of each of the methods involved for differentiation of nodular goitre. Another purpose of the study was to find out, whether chemically induced thyroid tumours in rat were comparable to thyroid neoplasms in man. This provided to the examiners genetically coherent and morphologically comparable biological material at various stages of thyroid tumour growth which included diffuse and adenomatous hyperplasias, adenomas, and, from the 18th to 42nd experimental weeks, papillary as well as follicular carcinomas in 31 to 100% of all experimental animals involved. Cytomorphological comparability of rat thyroid material (imprint specimens) with human material (fine-needle aspiration cytology) was ensured for normal as well as for hyperplastically altered thyroid glands, including adenomatous and carcinomatous changes. Hence, group typing of thyroid cytology, originally devised for human specimens, could be easily adapted to material obtained from rat. Assessment of cytological samples by microscopic criteria yielded an accuracy of 89% in malignoma diagnosis and proved to be an approach of highly informative potential also in the context of rat experiments. Use of additional cytochemical techniques (PAS, toluidine-blue, peroxidase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) as well as quantitative DNA determination by means of flow-cytophotometry was helpful in casting light at some scattered trends of change from normal for certain stages of proliferation, but it failed to enhance information in cytomorphological diagnosis of the individual case.
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PMID:[Cytomorphological and cytochemical studies of experimentally-induced thyroid tumors in the rat]. 205 8

Tissues for 74 uterine cervical lesions including 64 invasive squamous cell carcinomas, 4 adenocarcinomas and 6 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were studied by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method for presence of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CEA was absent in normal squamous and endocervical epithelium. The antigen was demonstrated in all the cases of CIN (100%) and in 48 invasive carcinomas (70.6%). A heterogeneous pattern of staining was noted in different cases and also within a tumour. None of the 6 endometrial carcinomas showed CEA reactivity while all sections from endocervical carcinomas were positive for CEA. Carcinoembryonic antigen may be a useful tumour marker in the diagnosis of cervical neoplasia and helpful in differentiating endocervical carcinoma from endometrial carcinoma.
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PMID:Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in uterine cervical neoplasia. 207 63

A lectin was isolated and purified from the seeds of Jack Fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) using a column of immobilized N-acetyl D-Galactosamine. The Jack Fruit lectin (JFL) was conjugated to horse radish peroxidase (HRP). The purified conjugate was used to study the binding properties of tissues from carcinomas of the uterine cervix. The binding to cancer tissues was compared with that of normal controls. The carcinomatous cells showed varying degrees of binding towards JFL in contrast to normal controls which generally had uniform binding. The nature and intensity of binding of the lectin with the cancer tissues suggest that this lectin may be used as a diagnostic marker in carcinoma of uterine cervix.
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PMID:Jack fruit lectin binding pattern in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 209 74

Nodular lesions induced by N-nitrosobis (2-hydroxypropyl) amine (BHP) and phenobarbital (Pb) in F344 rat thyroid were histologically divided into 2 categories, benign lesions and carcinoma. Benign lesions were subclassified into 3 types mainly based on histological characteristics and localization of peroxidase (PO). The type 1 lesion showed localization of PO almost identical with that of the group 1 rat thyroid. Type 2 was characterized by an intense reaction product of PO in the cytoplasm but a weak one on the surface of the microvilli, and type 3 exhibited localization of PO opposite to that of type 2. Carcinoma proliferated in papillary, follicular and poorly differentiated patterns and developed as de novo carcinoma with the highest incidence, although a considerable number of carcinomas coexisted with benign type 3 lesions. A majority of these carcinomas lacked the reaction product for PO. These results suggest that benign nodular lesions, especially types 2 and 3, show hyperactivity of PO synthesis reflecting their response to excessively secreted TSH, whereas carcinoma is autonomous, because of marked inhibition of PO synthesis even in the presence of TSH hypersecretion.
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PMID:Peroxidase activity in benign nodular lesions and carcinoma in the rat thyroid induced by N-nitrosobis (2-hydroxypropyl) amine and phenobarbital. 215 1


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