Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor derived from bile duct epithelium, occurs with a higher incidence in tropical countries, such as Thailand. Distinguishing CCA from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of the liver often requires the use of histochemistry, so molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis are still required. In this study, the two-dimensional (2-D) protein map of a Thai human bile duct epithelial carcinoma cell line (HuCCA-1) has been compared to human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and HCC-S102) and a human breast epithelial cancer cell line (MCF-7). Our results show that HuCCA-1 expressed a unique pattern of proteins. Forty-three major proteins were identified by matching to the map of MCF-7, and by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization-tandem MS (ESI-MS/MS). Cytokeratins CK8 and CK18 were overexpressed in both HuCCA-1 and HCC, while CK7 and CK19 were only expressed in HuCCA-1. Four specific proteins with MW/pI 57.2/5.21 (U1, vimentin), 42.2/6.20 (U2), 43.2/6.20 (U3, EF-TU), and 42.2/6.40 (U4, unidentified) were absent from HepG2. U2 showed high expression in HuCCA-1, while U1 and U4 showed high expression in HCC-S102. U2 could be separated in 2 proteins, U2/1 (alpha-enolase) and U2/2 (not identified) by using IPG pH 4-7. Galectin-3 showed high expression level in HuCCA-1 by 1-DE immunodetection, and gave only one spot with MW 32.9 kDa and pI 8.29 on 2-DE immunoblotting, Thus, certain proteins, namely CK7, CK19, U2/2 and galectin-3, may be good markers useful for differential diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma compared to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Proteomic analysis of cholangiocarcinoma cell line. 1504 94

Cytokeratin (CK) is observed mainly in epithelial cells, and the diverse expression pattern of CK subtypes may be helpful in discriminating between primary and metastatic carcinomas in various organs, including the stomach. To clarify the CK expression profiles in gastric carcinomas, 329 consecutive specimens were immunohistochemically evaluated in terms of their CK subtypes using the tissue array method. The overall positive rates were 84.7% for CK4, 3.2% for CK5, 28.7% for CK6, 71.1% for CK7, 96.6% for CK8, 0% for CK10, 81.6% for CK13, 0.3% for CK14, 4.1% for CK16, 0% for CK17, 99.4% for CK18, 89.7% for CK19, and 30.0% for CK20. Well-differentiated or moderately differentiated carcinomas were related to several CKs, and mucinous carcinoma was associated with CK20 expression. Interestingly, CK7 and CK20 expression was associated with the mucin phenotype of gastric carcinoma, but this association had no diagnostic value. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinomas showed a tendency toward negative expression of CK7. CK6 expression was related to microsatellite instability (MSI), early pTNM stage, and better clinical outcome. In conclusion, CK expression profiles in consecutive gastric carcinomas demonstrate heterogeneity, and no single CK has diagnostic value by itself. CK expression is associated with various clinicopathologic parameters, mucin phenotype, EBV positivity, MSI status, and patient survival.
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PMID:Cytokeratin expression profile in gastric carcinomas. 1513 32

We have examined basal and luminal cell cytokeratin expression in 1944 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, using tissue microarray (TMA) technology, to determine the frequency of expression of each cytokeratin subtype, their relationships and prognostic relevance, if any. Expression was determined by immunocytochemistry staining using antibodies to the luminal cytokeratins (CKs) 7/8, 18 and 19 and the basal markers CK 5/6 and CK 14. Additionally, assessment of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and oestrogen receptor status (ER) was performed. The vast majority of the cases showed positivity for CK 7/8, 18 and 19 indicating a differentiated glandular phenotype, a finding associated with good prognosis, ER positivity and older patient age. In contrast, basal marker expression was significantly related to poor prognosis, ER negativity and younger patient age. Multivariate analysis showed that CK 5/6 was an independent indicator for relapse free interval. We were able to subgroup the cases into four distinct phenotype categories (pure luminal, mixed luminal/basal, pure basal and null), which had significant differences in relation to the biological features and the clinical course of the disease. Tumours classified as expressing a basal phenotype (the combined luminal plus basal and the pure basal) were in a poor prognostic subgroup, typically ER negative in most cases. These findings provide further evidence that breast cancer has distinct differentiation subclasses that have both biological and clinical relevance.
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PMID:Expression of luminal and basal cytokeratins in human breast carcinoma. 1514 81

A 54-year-old man presented to his doctor with hematemesis and was found at endoscopy to have an ulcerated lesion in his stomach. A computed tomography scan was performed and revealed a mass in the fundus of the stomach. Multiple other lesions were identified in the liver, lungs, retroperitoneal space, and mesentery. Gross examination showed two separate gastric lesions containing nests and single cells with mucin intermixed with sheets of tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm invading throughout the wall of the stomach. Immunohistochemical studies were performed and the cells were positive for hepatocyte, MOC 31, cytokeratin A1/A3, and CK 7, and were negative for CK 20, alpha-fetoprotein, and thyroid transcription factor. The histologic features together with the immunohistochemical findings were diagnostic of a hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor associated with a very poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical studies may help to identify the characteristic features of hepatoid differentiation and prevent mistaking this tumor for other types of carcinoma.
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PMID:Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. 1518 60

A broad histomorphologic spectrum of ampullary carcinomas of Vater make a reproducible histologic classification difficult. Using cytokeratin immunohistochemistry, we present a new classification of ampullary carcinomas and analyze their clinical significance. Fifty-five invasive carcinomas of Vater's ampulla were histologically classified into pancreaticobiliary, intestinal, and other types. Serial sections of all carcinoma specimens were additionally stained with antibodies to cytokeratins (CK7, CK20), apomucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC), CEA, CA19-9, Ki67, and p53. Follow-up of patients from 4 months to 22 years after surgery (mean interval, 51.6 months) was evaluated. Most carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater were of immunohistochemically pancreaticobiliary type (iPT, CK7+, CK20-; 54.5%) or intestinal type (immunohistochemically intestinal type [iIT], CK7-, CK20+; 23.6%). Some carcinomas of immunohistochemically "other" type (iOT both CK7+ and CK20+ or CK7- and CK20-; 21.8%) had precursor lesions of iIT or iPT. Carcinomas positive for MUC2 or CEA were associated with iIT (MUC2, P < 0.001; CEA, P = 0.003), whereas MUC5AC-positive carcinomas were related to iPT (P = 0.005). Our classification based on cytokeratin-immunohistochemistry correlated well with the histologic classification according to published criteria (kappa-coefficient = 0.398; P < 0.001). Furthermore, histologically unusual types could be histogenetically related to pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa or intestinal mucosa. Therefore, all 4 signet-ring cell carcinomas were iIT carcinomas. Thus, cytokeratin immunohistochemistry allows a reproducible, histogenetically based categorization of ampullary carcinomas. However, neither histopathologic nor immunohistochemical subgroups significantly correlated with clinical outcome in our German collective. The overall survival was significantly shorter in males (P = 0.032) and patients with positive nodal stage (N1 < N0; P = 0.0025).
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PMID:Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater: comparative histologic/immunohistochemical classification and follow-up. 1522 56

We experienced a resected case of a small hepatocellular carcinoma, which required differential diagnosis from intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma. The patient was a 76-year-old man. While his course had been being observed because of hepatitis C antibody-positive liver cirrhosis, ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen revealed dilation of biliary branches in the anterior segment of the liver and a hyperechoic mass 10 mm in diameter at the origin of the branch. A dynamic computed tomography scan showed a high-density tumor in the early phase. After embolization of the right branch of the portal vein, resection of the right lobe of the liver and the extrahepatic bile duct was performed. A resected specimen showed a white-colored mass 8 mm in diameter at the origin of the anterior segmental biliary branch. In the pathological findings, the diagnosis was a poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with strong nuclear atypia; the tumor filled the bile duct, forming a trabecular structure. The immunohistological stains of the tumor were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 8, CK18, and HepParl and negative for alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9, CK7, CK19, and CK20. There was atypia in the biliary lining epithelium adjacent to the tumor, and the hepatocellular carcinoma may have developed from the biliary epithelium.
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PMID:A resected case of a small hepatocellular carcinoma developing within the bile duct. 1523 93

Nonsalivary sinonasal adenocarcinomas can be divided into low-grade and high-grade tumors. The former are often papillary and the latter are usually of intestinal type, morphologically similar to metastatic colonic carcinoma. Antibodies to CDX2, a transcription factor gene highly specific for intestinal adenocarcinomas, MUC2, a mucin gene expressed in adenocarcinomas from various sites, and cytokeratins (CK) 7 and 20 were used to examine the two groups of tumors. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 22 sinonasal adenocarcinomas was reclassified into 9 high-grade intestinal-type, 3 high-grade nonintestinal, and 10 low-grade, predominantly papillary adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining was graded on a 0 to 4+ scale with 5% or greater tumor cell staining considered positive. Of the high-grade intestinal group, 78% demonstrated 4+ CDX2 positivity, with 44% MUC2 positive. Although 89% of this group was CK7 positive, the percent of staining was variable. A majority (67%) of the intestinal cases was 4+ CK20 positive. Almost every nonintestinal adenocarcinoma (90%) (low- and high-grade) was CK7 positive (7 of 9, 4+), without expression of any of the three colonic adenocarcinoma markers. The three high-grade nonintestinal tumors had the expression profile of the low-grade papillary group with the exception of focal MUC2 positivity in 1 case. Intestinal-type adenocarcinomas have an expression profile distinct from nonintestinal sinonasal adenocarcinomas. The former are similar, but not identical, to colonic adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining for CDX2, MUC2, and differential cytokeratins does not differentiate metastatic colorectal from primary sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Immunophenotypic differences between intestinal-type and low-grade papillary sinonasal adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of 22 cases utilizing CDX2 and MUC2. 1525 8

A number of genetic and epigenetic changes underlying the development of nasopharyngeal carcinomas have recently been identified. However, there is still limited information on the nature of the genes and gene products whose aberrant expression and activity promote the malignant conversion of nasopharyngeal epithelium. Here, we have performed a genome-wide transcriptome analysis by probing cDNA microarrays with fluorescent-labeled amplified RNA derived from laser capture microdissected cells procured from normal nasopharyngeal epithelium and areas of metaplasia-dysplasia and carcinoma from EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas. This approach enabled the identification of genes differentially expressed in each cell population, as well as numerous genes whose expression can help explain the aggressive clinical nature of this tumor type. For example, genes indicating cell cycle aberrations (cyclin D2, cyclin B1, activator of S-phase kinase, and the cell cycle checkpoint kinase, CHK1) and invasive-metastatic potential (matrix metalloproteinase 11, v-Ral, and integrin beta(4)) were highly expressed in tumor cells. In contrast, genes underexpressed in tumors included genes involved in apoptosis (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and calpastatin), cell structure (keratin 7 and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6), and putative tumor suppressor genes (H-Ras-like suppressor 3, retinoic acid receptor responder 1, and growth arrested specific 8) among others. Gene expression patterns also suggested alterations in the Wnt/beta-catenin and transforming growth factor beta pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Thus, expression profiles indicate that aberrant expression of growth, survival, and invasion-promoting genes may contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ultimately, this approach may facilitate the identification of clinical useful markers of disease progression and novel potential therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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PMID:Global gene expression profile of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by laser capture microdissection and complementary DNA microarrays. 1529 95

Histopathologic classification of lung carcinoma is important, as a prognostic factor and in the evaluation of treatment modalities. Although the World Health Organization classification of lung cancer is based on routine microscopy, immunohistochemistry is an important additional aspect in modern pathologic practice. This study examines whether the main histologic types of lung carcinomas are more reliably diagnosed with immunohistochemical technique using antibodies for the lung tissue-specific antigen thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and a panel of cytokeratin (CK) antibodies. Forty-five cases of lung cancer (12 squamous cell carcinoma, 13 small cell carcinoma, 11 adenocarcinoma, 9 large cell carcinoma [LCC]/pleomorphic carcinoma) were stained with antibodies to CK CAM5.2, CK5, CK7, CK20, and TTF-1. All 45 cases were positive with CAM5.2, 16 of 45 cases with CK5, 34 of 45 cases with CK7, 4 of 45 cases with CK20, and 29 of 45 with TTF-1. Squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma) had the immunophenotype CK5+/TTF-1-, and at least 20% were also positive with CK7. Most nonepidermoid tumors had the "lung-specific" phenotype CK5-/TTF-1+; all small cell carcinomas had the phenotype CK5-/CK8+/TTF-1+, all adenocarcinomas CK5-/CK7+/TTF-1+ and (more than 50%) of LCC CK5-/CK7+/TTF-1+. Thus, more than 50% of LCCs were of the same phenotype as adenocarcinomas. The immunophenotypes of the main histologic types of lung carcinoma are stable and highly reproducible. However, because of considerable overlapping, immunophenotyping should not be used alone for histopathologic classification of lung cancer, but only as an adjunct to light microscopy. It is also suggested that CK5+ lung carcinomas with basaloid features should be regarded as variants of squamous cell carcinoma and not as LCC.
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PMID:Histopathologic classification of lung cancer: Relevance of cytokeratin and TTF-1 immunophenotyping. 1549 31

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the liver is a rare variant of cholangiocarcinoma, containing both mucus-secreting glandular cells and squamous cells mixed in nests. We report a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the liver in a 69-year-old woman who presented with a 1-week history of fever, chills, and right flank pain. On admission, she was not jaundiced, and under a provisional diagnosis of liver abscess, a pigtail catheter was inserted into the abscess cavity. We performed right hepatectomy and partial excision of the diaphragm 1 month later. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of solid and invasive nests of epidermoid and mucin-producing cells with desmoplastic stroma. The epidermoid component of the tumor contained intercellular bridges and individual cell keratinization. Alcian blue and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining confirmed that there was mucin in the cytoplasm of mucus-secreting cells. The tumor cells, intrahepatic bile ducts, and ductules were consistently reactive with cytokeratin (CK) 7 and negative for CK20. The adjacent nonneoplastic liver cells were CK 7-/CK20-, and P63 immunostaining was positive in the epidermoid cells. The tumor was diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from the intrahepatic bile duct. Despite aggressive surgical treatment, the patient died of multiple liver metastases 4 months after the right hepatectomy.
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PMID:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the liver diagnosed as a liver abscess: report of a case. 1552 36


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