Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A nodule arising within the nevus sebaceus on the vertex of the scalp of a 68-year-old woman was histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated. We also used immunohistochemistry to investigate the cytokeratin (CK) distribution of the outer root sheaths of normal terminal hair follicles. The nodule consisted of two parts, a main exophytic part with a lobular proliferation and a small peripheral part with the features of trichoblastoma. The main exophytic lesion consisted of lobular aggregations composed of both or either basaloid cells and clear cells with the silhouette and cytology of malignancy. The columnar clear cells were aligned in a palisade at the periphery of the aggregations of clear cells, and the aggregations located in the superficial dermis were connected to the follicular infundibular structures. Almost all of the neoplastic aggregations were diffusely positive for CK7 (OV/TLR/30), and the innermost or inner cells of the neoplastic aggregations were positive for CK17; a similar staining pattern to that in the lower portion of the outer root sheath between the A and B fringes in normal terminal hair follicles. The exophytic part of the lesion was a malignant neoplasm with differentiation mainly toward the lower segment of the outer sheath between the A and B fringes of the terminal hair follicle, namely tricholemmal carcinoma. Our case may represent a collision of two distinctive neoplasms (tricholemmal carcinoma and trichoblastoma), however, an intimate relationship between these two neoplasms also should be considered.
 ...
PMID:Tricholemmal carcinoma in continuity with trichoblastoma within nevus sebaceus. 1197 76

The purpose of the present study is to determine the presence and distribution of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of salivary glands and to compare them with normal salivary gland tissue and other primary carcinomas. This is in order to establish novel diagnostic criteria and to better understand MEC histogenesis. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from ten well-differentiated MECs, three adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC), four acinic cell carcinomas (AC), and three epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (EMCC) of salivary glands were studied with immunohistochemistry using antibodies that recognise antigens indicative of epithelial and myoepithelial cell differentiation. An anti-mitochondrial antibody was also employed. Normal salivary tissue was present for comparative study in non-tumorous areas of the same section from 12 cases. MEC contained numerous keratin-positive cells. Anti mitochondrial antibody was diffusely positive in all ten of these tumours. Smooth muscle actin, h-caldesmon, and smooth muscle heavy chain myosin, which are indicative of myoepithelial cell differentiation, were negative. Rare cells in only one case were stained by calponin. Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and anti mitochondrial antibody stained cells located mainly at the periphery of neoplastic nests and cystic spaces, while CK7 was mainly present in cells bordering gland lumina (zoning pattern). The immunohistochemical cell profile was similar to that seen in striated normal ducts. All others tumours studied showed a different immunohistochemical pattern, mostly consisting of a lack of mitochondrion-rich cells and the presence of myoepithelial cells in ACC and EMCC. Immunoreactivity in MEC for CK7, CK14 and mitochondrial antibodies appears as a peculiar pattern of staining, different from that of other salivary gland tumors; this seems helpful for diagnostic purposes. In addition, a differentiation of the "striated duct phenotype" is suggested.
 ...
PMID:Low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: characteristic immunohistochemical profile and evidence of striated duct differentiation. 1202 29

Long segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE) is a recognized risk factor for the development of esophageal dysplasia and carcinoma. However, the risk of dysplasia arising within intestinal metaplasia below a normal-appearing Z-line (i.e., in native cardiac mucosa) is unknown. Regular endoscopic surveillance is required in patients with LSBE and is frequently performed in short segment BE (SSBE), but the need for surveillance in cardiac intestinal metaplasia (CIM) is unknown. Unfortunately IM arising in SSBE and immediately below a normal Z-line can be indistinguishable histologically on H&E stains. Previous reports suggest that the appearance of superficial CK20 immunohistochemical staining accompanied by intermediate and deep CK7 positivity is characteristic of BE, whereas CIM specimens show superficial and deep CK20 positivity and weak to absent CK7 staining. We hypothesized that CK7/20 immunostaining of metaplastic biopsies from the esophagus and stomach would allow complete differentiation of these two entities when correlated with the endoscopic appearance. We undertook an evaluation of gastric and esophageal specimens to determine whether these characteristics were valid. Cases of both BE (long and short segment) and CIM, as well as cases of gastric cardiac biopsies lacking IM, were evaluated for CK7 and CK20 and correlated with the endoscopic appearance. We observed that, although the "Barrett's" pattern of CK7/20 was maintained for many cases of BE, the sensitivity and specificity were only moderate (65% and 56%, respectively). The pattern of staining for the CIM was variable, i.e., some cases showed a CK7/20 Barrett's pattern despite a normal appearance at endoscopy. The differences between this and previous studies may be due to inaccurate visualization of SSBE on endoscopy, the development of very early SSBE cases, inter-observer variability, fixation differences, or antibody differences. Whatever the cause of the differences, if results between laboratories are not comparable, CK7/20 immunostaining cannot be used to differentiate reliably between IM present in biopsy specimens taken from above versus below the Z-line. However, further studies should be performed to determine whether the presence or absence of a Barrett's pattern of CK7/20 immunostaining could predict progression to dysplasia or carcinoma.
 ...
PMID:Utilization of cytokeratins 7 and 20 does not differentiate between Barrett's esophagus and gastric cardiac intestinal metaplasia. 1206 74

Intraductal papillary neoplasia of the liver (IPN-L) was recently proposed as the name for intraductal papillary proliferation of neoplastic biliary epithelium with a fine fibrovascular stalk resembling intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. We histochemically and immunohistochemically examined IPN-L alone or associated with hepatolithiasis, with an emphasis on the gastrointestinal metaplasia, nuclear p53 expression, and histologic progression. A total of 66 cases of IPN-L were divided into 4 groups: group 1, IPN-L with low-grade dysplasia (13 cases); group 2, IPN-L with high-grade dysplasia (20 cases); group 3, IPN-L lined with carcinoma in situ and no or microinvasion (19 cases); and group 4, group 3 with distinct invasive carcinoma (14 cases). It is suggested that IPN-L progresses from group 1 to group 4. As controls, 20 cases of nonneoplastic intrahepatic large bile ducts and 17 cases of nonpapillary invasive intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) were used. Biliary epithelial hypersecretion of sialomucin rather than sulfomucin was prevalent in IPN-L, and this was associated with the progression of INP-L. Immunohistochemically, cytokeratin (CK) 20 and MUC2, a gastrointestinal marker, were expressed more frequently in IPN-L than in nonneoplastic bile ducts and nonpapillary ICC (P <0.01), and their incidence were significantly increased in parallel with the progression of IPN-L (P < 0.01). In contrast, expression of CK 7, a biliary marker, was decreased in IPN-L compared with nonpapillary ICC. Nuclear p53 immunostaining was detected in 30% of IPN-L as a whole and increased in tandem with the progression of IPN-L (P < 0.01). It is suggested that IPN-L forms a spectrum of biliary epithelial neoplasia with frequent gastrointestinal metaplasia, different from the usual nonpapillary ICC, and shows stepwise progression from the perspective of mucin profile, gastrointestinal metaplasia, and p53 nuclear expression.
 ...
PMID:Increasing expression of gastrointestinal phenotypes and p53 along with histologic progression of intraductal papillary neoplasia of the liver. 1209 75

Paget disease of the vulva can be mimicked by several disease entities histopathologically, but most of these entities can be clinically distinguished from vulvar Paget disease. However, vulvar Paget disease is in itself a heterogeneous group of epithelial neoplasms that can be similar both clinically and histopathologically. The subtypes of vulvar Paget disease include primary Paget disease arising from a pluripotent stem cell within the epithelium of the vulva, and secondary Paget disease of the vulva. Secondary vulvar Paget disease results from spread of an internal malignancy, most commonly from an anorectal adenocarcinoma or urothelial carcinoma of the bladder or urethra, to the vulvar epithelium. We have recently proposed that these lesions be classified as primary (of cutaneous origin) or secondary (of extracutaneous origin). These subtypes can present similarly as eczematoid skin lesions and may appear similar on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Immunohistochemical studies can help differentiate between them. Our current study includes 17 patients with a pathologic diagnosis of vulvar Paget disease. We performed a panel of immunohistochemical stains, including cytokeratin (CK) 7 and 20, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), and uroplakin-III (UP-III). Of these 17 patients, 14 (80%) had primary intraepithelial cutaneous Paget disease, 13 without invasion and 1 with associated invasion. Three patients had urothelial carcinoma with spread to the vulva, manifesting as secondary vulvar Paget disease. Immunohistochemically, primary vulvar Paget disease is immunoreactive for CK 7 and GCDFP-15, but uncommonly for CK 20. Vulvar Paget disease secondary to anorectal carcinoma demonstrates CK 20 immunoreactivity but is usually nonreactive for CK 7 and consistently nonimmunoreactive for GCDFP-15. Vulvar Paget disease secondary to urothelial carcinoma is immunoreactive for CK 7 and CK 20 but nonimmunoreactive for GCDFP-15. In addition, we propose the use of a new, commercially available antibody, UP-III, which is specific for urothelium and, in our experience, is immunoreactive in secondary vulvar Paget disease of urothelial origin. The distinction between these 3 types of Paget and Paget-like lesions is essential in that the specific diagnosis has a significant influence on current treatment. The difference in surgical approach to the subtypes of vulvar Paget disease justifies classifying them into distinct lesions, which may be aided by the use of immunohistochemistry, including UP-III.
 ...
PMID:Uroplakin-III to distinguish primary vulvar Paget disease from Paget disease secondary to urothelial carcinoma. 1209 81

Carcinomas that arise in a proliferating trichilemmal cyst (PTC) have been described under a variety of names. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) indicating follicular differentiation have become available and were used here in two rare tumors with uncommon biologic behavior. To further elucidate the histogenesis of carcinomas arising in a PTC, mAbs to hair follicle stem cells and to hair follicle differentiation-specific cytokeratins (mAbs to cytokeratin [CK] 7, CK8, CK18, and CK19 as well as mAbs to CD8/CK15 and CD34) were studied on paraffin-embedded sections of two cases of carcinoma arising in a PTC, one anaplastic carcinoma, and one poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). For comparison, concurrent PTCs and trichilemmal cysts as well as four SCCs from controls were studied. The anaplastic carcinoma showed expression of CK7, indicating a fetal hair root phenotype, and expression of CD34, indicating trichilemmal differentiation. In contrast, the poorly differentiated SCCs as well as the control SCCs stained negative for most of the mAbs applied. Expression of fetal and trichilemmal hair follicle phenotypes suggests differentiation from hair stem cells and might explain differences in biologic behavior.
 ...
PMID:Carcinoma arising in a proliferating trichilemmal cyst expresses fetal and trichilemmal hair phenotype. 1214 16

Hepatocyte monoclonal antibody (Hep) (alternatively Hep Par 1 for Hep paraffin 1) has been reported to stain normal hepatic tissue and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with high specificity. We have studied the Hepatocyte expression in 96 cases of HCC and 311 cases of nonhepatic epithelial tumors. All cases of HCC were also stained with CEA-Gold 5, CD10, and alpha-fetoprotein. Hep, CEA-Gold 5, CD10, and alpha-fetoprotein immunostains were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Hep immunoreactivity was detected in 88 of 96 cases of HCC (92%), with a cytoplasmic and granular pattern of staining. The level of Hep expression in HCC corresponded to the nuclear grade and growth pattern. All 50 cases of nuclear grade 1 and nuclear grade 2 HCC were positive (100%), whereas 37 of 44 nuclear grade 3 (84%) and 1 of 2 nuclear grade 4 (50%) were positive. Sixty-seven of 68 cases of HCC with a trabecular, pseudoglandular, or scirrhous growth pattern were positive (98%), whereas 22 of 27 cases of HCC with a compact growth pattern were positive (81%). CEA-Gold 5, CD10, and alpha-fetoprotein immunoreactivity was detected in 76% (73 of 96), 52% (50 of 96), and 31% (30 of 96) cases of HCC, respectively. The positive predictive value of the combination of all four antibodies was 97%. Three cases of HCC were negative for all four antibodies; these cases had a high nuclear grade or a sarcomatoid or compact growth pattern. Twenty of 311 cases of nonhepatic tumors were positive for Hep (6%): 15 were adenocarcinomas and five were neuroendocrine tumors. The negative predictive value of Hep in HCC was 94%. The Hep-positive nonhepatic epithelial tumors were easily distinguished from HCC by the expression of keratin 7 or keratin 20 for adenocarcinoma and chromogranin and synaptophysin for neuroendocrine tumors because HCC does usually not express these markers. With the exception of two cases of hepatoid gastric carcinoma, all Hep-positive nonhepatic epithelial tumors were negative for alpha-fetoprotein, CEA-Gold 5, and CD10. Our study demonstrates that Hep is a relatively specific marker for HCC. It is useful in differentiating HCC from primary hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic tumors when combined with other immunomarkers.
 ...
PMID:Hepatocyte antigen as a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma: an immunohistochemical comparison to carcinoembryonic antigen, CD10, and alpha-fetoprotein. 1217 84

The present paper documents an investigation of the morphology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure of Toker cells (TC), aiming for a better definition of these elements and better understanding of their histogenesis. We studied 12 nipples removed for nipple adenoma from twelve patients and a case of supernumerary nipple. In addition four cases of Paget's carcinoma (PC) restricted to the nipple without underlying tumor were studied for comparison. All cases were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Alcian blue pH 2.5 and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) preceded by diastase digestion and with immunohistochemistry using antisera anti cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, protein S100, GCDFP-15, c-Erb-B2, CAM 5.2, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Two cases from the nipple adenoma series were studied by electron microscopy. In seven cases within the series of 12 nipple adenomas as well as in the case of supernumerary nipple, keratin 7 antibody highlighted numerous cells located within the nipple epidermis which in three cases showed dendritic processes. These same elements were also positive with CAM 5.2. All these same elements were negative with Alcian Blue (AB), PAS and the other antisera employed. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated that these cells differed from keratinocytes while they presented the same features as the glandular cells seen in the related nipple adenoma. The cells constituting Paget's carcinoma showed more irregular nuclei and were more easily seen in the context of the epidermis. The immunocytochemical profile of the cancer cells was similar to that of TC, but in addition the neoplastic cells were c-Erb-B2 and EMA positive in all cases, and one case also displayed numerous cells immunoreactive with anti GCDFP-15 antibody. Keratin 7 highlighted dendritic cells in two cases and AB, PAS was negative in all patients. The immunocytochemical profile and the ultrastructural features of TC are similar to those of the glandular cells constituting the ducts and the adenoma. These findings together with the localization of TC near or around the openings of the lactiferous sinuses indicate that TC might be ductal cells with a dendritic aspect and migrate through the galactophorous ostia. PC cells not related to ductal carcinomas have a similar but not superimposable immunohistochemical profile to TC, and in two cases the neoplastic elements were also dendritic which suggests that these same cells are likely to be the neoplastic counterpart of TC.
 ...
PMID:Toker cells are probably precursors of Paget cell carcinoma: a morphological and ultrastructural description. 1218

The distinction of metastatic mucinous carcinomas in the ovary from primary ovarian mucinous tumors (atypical proliferative/borderline and carcinoma) can be difficult because of similarities in morphology. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 (CK 7, CK 20), Dpc4 (nuclear transcription factor inactivated in 55% of pancreatic carcinomas), and MUC5AC (a gastric mucin gene) in 57 primary ovarian mucinous tumors (41 atypical proliferative tumors and 16 carcinomas) and 46 metastatic mucinous carcinomas in the ovary. Primary ovarian mucinous tumors were virtually always diffusely positive for CK 7 (98%), Dpc4 (100%), and MUC5AC (98%) and often focally to diffusely positive for CK 20 (68%). Colorectal mucinous carcinomas were diffusely positive for CK 20 (100%) and Dpc4 (89%) and were distinguished from primary ovarian mucinous tumors by their frequent lack of expression of CK 7 and MUC5AC (67% were negative for each marker). Appendiceal carcinomas were diffusely positive for CK 20 (100%) and often negative for CK 7 (71%) but were often positive for MUC5AC (86%) and Dpc4 (100%). When primary ovarian and metastatic colorectal or appendiceal carcinomas shared expression of both CK 7 and CK 20, they could usually be distinguished by the pattern of positivity (diffuse CK 7 and patchy CK 20 in ovarian tumors and patchy CK 7 and diffuse CK 20 in colorectal and appendiceal tumors). Pancreatic carcinomas shared the same pattern of diffuse positivity for CK 7 (100%) and MUC5AC (92%) and focal to diffuse positivity for CK 20 (71%) as primary ovarian mucinous tumors but were negative for Dpc4 in 46%. Loss of Dpc4 expression is useful for distinguishing metastatic pancreatic carcinomas in the ovary from both primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas derived from other sites.
 ...
PMID:Cytokeratins 7 and 20, Dpc4, and MUC5AC in the distinction of metastatic mucinous carcinomas in the ovary from primary ovarian mucinous tumors: Dpc4 assists in identifying metastatic pancreatic carcinomas. 1235 88

In 1992, Sau and colleagues described 14 cases of a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor with differentiation toward the hair germ epithelium. All cases in their study displayed a unique constellation of histological features which allowed the authors to consider the neoplasm to be a distinct entity and to designate it as 'trichogerminoma' (TG). We present a case of an adnexal tumor identical to that described as TG and report the immunophenotypical features of this neoplasm for the first time. A biopsy from a 41-year-old man revealed a well-demarcated epithelial tumor composed of multiple lobules located in the deep dermis without connection to the overlying epidermis and surrounded by a fibrous pseudocapsule. The tumorous lobules were composed of uniform basophilic cells with vesicular nuclei, dispersed chromatin and prominent nucleoli showing no prominent peripheral palisading. Some of the lobules had the appearance of densely packed 'cell balls' with peripheral condensation of the tumor cells. The stroma showed a moderate number of fibroblasts and mast cells. Reticulum staining revealed fine reticulum fibers surrounding the tumor aggregates with accentuation of the 'cell balls'. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells expressed AE1/AE3, CK5/8, CK5/6, CAM5.2 and stained negatively for CK20, CK7, calretinin, Lu-5 and Thomsen- Friedensreich antigen. There was no increase in the numbers of CK20-positive Merkel cells in the epidermis overlying the tumor; however, a few Merkel cells were scattered in some tumor lobules. In addition, we stained 6 trichoblastomas (TBs) and found a particular pattern of calretinin expression in this tumor which was not observed in our case of TG. We conclude that pathological features allow the delineation of TG as a distinct adnexal neoplasm. Histological differential diagnosis includes basal-cell carcinoma (pilar type), large nodular TB, trichoblastic fibroma, trichoepithelioma, tricholemmoma, pilomatricoma and matrical carcinoma.
 ...
PMID:Trichogerminoma: a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor with differentiation toward the hair germ epithelium. 1244 41


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>