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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The proliferative activity of male breast carcinoma has been investigated using the staining of the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), the monoclonal antibody against the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PC10) and the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 27 primary male breast carcinomas at diagnosis. A significant correlation was found between survival and AgNOR counts (median of survival 77 months for cases with AgNOR/cell < or = 7.27 but 37 months only for cases with > 7.27 AgNOR/cell; P = 0.001), proliferating cell nuclear antigen scores (median of survival 73 months for cases with proliferating cell nuclear antigen < or = 18.25% versus 41 for cases with proliferating cell nuclear antigen > 18.25%; P = 0.013) and MIB-1 scores (median of survival 73 months for cases with MIB-1 scores < or = 23.5% versus 37 months for cases with MIB-1 scores > 23.5%; P = 0.01). Tumor histological grade was also correlated with prognosis (median of survival 72 months for grade 2 versus 33 months for grade 3 tumors; P = 0.01). Estrogen and progesterone receptors, immunohistochemically detected on paraffin-embedded sections, had no prognostic value. In the multivariate survival analysis, only AgNOR counts (P = 0.007) and tumor size (P = 0.003) had an independent prognostic significance. Our results indicate that methods for assessing the cell proliferation in routinely processed specimens offer significant prognostic information in male breast carcinoma. The finding, together with the lack of prognostic significance for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, suggests that male breast carcinoma is biologically different from female breast cancer.
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PMID:Proliferative activity is a significant prognostic factor in male breast carcinoma. 751 30

A total of 14 cases of clear cell carcinoma of salivary glands were evaluated by immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin (K1.1 and K8.12), vimentin, S-100 alpha and beta subunits, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), MAM-3 and MAM-6 antigens and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), as well as polyclonal antibodies to lysozyme (Ly), lactoferrin (la) and Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-Ach). Histopathologically, the carcinoma was characterized by round or polygonal tumor cells with cytoplasm that does not stain with hematoxylin and eosin, nuclei with little pleomorphism and few or no mitotic figures, and growing in solid sheets, small nests or cords with collagenous stroma. Cytokeratin KL1 and K8.12 was present in few tumor cells with almost negligible to strong reaction in all cases, vimentin in 6, GFAP in 5 cases with multiple-expression of cytokeratin K8.12, vimentin and GFAP in 5 cases. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was the most prominent feature with more intense reaction of S-100 beta than S-100 alpha subunit. NSE reactivity was seen in 6 cases. Ly, La, a1-ch, MAM-3 and MAM-6 antigens were localized in clear cells with various reaction intensities. The authors conclude that the clear tumor cells in clear cell carcinoma of salivary glands are not myoepithelial in origin but epithelial or neuroectodermal/neural crest in origin, showing ductal differentiation at the immunohistochemical level.
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PMID:Clear cell carcinoma of salivary glands: immunohistochemical evaluation of clear tumor cells. 752 Nov 53

Neoadjuvant total androgen ablation therapy leads to involutional changes in prostatic carcinoma and may have the potential to downstage operable prostate cancers. We studied 27 clinically localized prostatic carcinomas after 3 months of combined treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, goserelin acetate, and the antiandrogen flutamide, followed by radical retropubic prostatectomy, for changes in the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, changes in prostatic volume, therapy-induced histopathologic changes, DNA ploidy, and proliferative activity. Ten hormonally untreated, grade-matched prostatic adenocarcinomas served as controls. The mean pretherapy serum PSA level was 17.5 ng/ml, and posttherapy PSA levels were all < 4.0 ng/ml, with 18 men having undetectable levels. The mean reduction in prostatic volume following hormonal therapy was 37% (range 16-52%). Pathologic staging confirmed 20 pT2N0, six pT3N0, and one pT3N1. All prostates showed residual adenocarcinoma (extremely focal in seven cases [26%] with loss of glandular architecture, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear pyknosis. High-grade adenocarcinoma was nondiploid in 25% of hormonally treated prostates and 80% of 10 untreated controls. Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed > 10% nuclear reactivity in 33% of treated carcinomas and 90% of untreated carcinomas. In conclusion, 3 months of neoadjuvant androgen ablation for localized prostatic carcinoma significantly lowers serum PSA and prostatic volume and produces involutional changes in residual carcinomas that mimic high-grade disease. However, pretreated carcinomas have predominantly a diploid DNA content and low proliferative activity as opposed to untreated carcinomas. Thus, grading of pretreated adenocarcinomas by conventional methods may be misleading. Preoperative total androgen ablation has a profound effect on a subset of prostatic carcinoma cells, possibly by facilitating programmed cell death.
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PMID:Clinical and pathobiological effects of neoadjuvant total androgen ablation therapy on clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. 752 15

The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was immunohistochemically determined using a monoclonal antibody PC10 in 54 prostatic carcinoma samples. The samples were taken from needle biopsy specimens which had been paraffin-embedded after routine fixation with 10% formaldehyde solution (formalin) for less than 24 h. The PCNA index was calculated as the percentage of positive tumor cell nuclei. There was a significant difference in the PCNA index according to the growth pattern (p < 0.001), nuclear anaplasia (p < 0.001) and T stage (p < 0.01). Regarding the growth pattern, solid carcinomas showed a significantly higher PCNA index than did either separate gland carcinomas (p < 0.05) or trabecular/fused gland carcinomas (p < 0.05). The PCNA index correlated closely with either the nuclear anaplasia or T stage, and increased in conjunction with the increased nuclear anaplasia (rs = 0.641; p < 0.001) or T stage (rs = 0.435; p < 0.01). The patients in the high PCNA index (> or = 15%) group showed a significantly worse survival than did those in the lower PCNA index group (p < 0.01), and multivariate analyses indicated that the PCNA index had an independent prognostic significance. These results suggest that the PCNA index, as determined by PC 10 on needle biopsy specimens of prostatic carcinoma, can thus be an objective and quantitative means for evaluating the biological malignancy of prostatic carcinoma.
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PMID:Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in needle biopsy specimens of prostatic carcinoma. 752 94

A series of 71 patients undergoing surgery for primary breast carcinoma was prospectively studied in order to evaluate the relative weight for four biologic factors (intermediate filament vimentin expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA], flow cytometric DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction) and of several clinicopathologic and biologic features in predicting clinical outcome (disease-free interval). In univariate statistical analysis, positivity of axillary nodes, high number of mitoses, high nuclear grade, high histologic grade, positivity of vimentin, high flow cytometric S-phase fraction (FCM-S) value, high PCNA and high silver-stained nuclear organizer regions scores were significantly related to risk of relapse. In multivariate analysis (Cox's logistic regression) only histologic grade (3) and high FCM-S values (> 10.7) were independently related to risk of relapse, with hazard ratios of 9.84 and 7.98, respectively. The results of our preliminary, prospective study suggest that FCM-S, in addition to morphologic criteria (histologic grade), may be an important biologic indicator in determining breast cancer patients' prognosis.
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PMID:Vimentin expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and flow cytometric factors. Prognostic role in breast cancer. 753 Sep 59

Clinical and immunohistochemical studies were conducted to evaluate prostatic papillary adenocarcinoma and prostatic papillary hyperplasia. Subjects consisted of 5 cases of papillary adenocarcinoma and 2 cases of papillary hyperplasia. There is no conclusive clinical factor for preoperative diagnosis, but we attach importance to endoscopic findings. PSA, PAP, high molecular weight cytokeratin, and PCNA were evaluated immunohistochemically. PSA became positive in every instance but one--a case of papillary adenocarcinoma which became +/-. PAP was + in all cases, except for 1 case of papillary adenocarcinoma. Basal cells were positive for high molecular weight cytokeratin in 2 cases of papillary hyperplasia but were missing in papillary adenocarcinoma. Although PCNA was free from positive nuclei in papillary hyperplasia, positive nuclei were found in all cases of papillary adenocarcinoma. Considering these immunohistochemical results, papillary adenocarcinoma can be said to originate in the glandular epithelium of the prostate, as does ordinary prostatic carcinoma.
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PMID:A clinical and immunohistochemical study of papillary adenocarcinoma of the prostate. 753 25

The degree of DNA-instability as revealed by the immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal anti-single-stranded DNA antibody after acid hydrolysis (DNA-instability test) was used as the marker of malignancy. This was applied to human gastric regenerative epithelium in chronic peptic ulcer (5 cases), adenoma (35 cases), and well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (5 cases). Proliferative activity was evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry, and the quantitative analyses of the mean number and mean area of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) per one nucleus were performed for all these cases. All cancers and adenomas were positively stained by the DNA-instability test diffusely, indicating the malignant character of the latter from the view point of DNA-instability, in contrast to the negative stainability of all regenerative epithelium. The percent number of PCNA-positive cells and mean number and mean area of AgNORs tended to be larger in adenoma and cancer than in regenerative epithelium, although the differences were not usually statistically significant. Supporting the malignant character of adenoma, single cell necroses and abnormal mitoses were almost always present in the lesion. In conclusion, all adenoma lesions were regarded as malignant in nature, namely, in-situ carcinoma, existing at an early stage of progression of malignancy.
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PMID:Early progression stage of malignancy as revealed by immunohistochemical demonstration of DNA instability; I, Human gastric adenomas. 753 25

The degree of DNA-instability as revealed by the immunohistochemical staining with anti-single-stranded DNA antibody after acid hydrolysis (DNA-instability test) was used as a marker of malignancy. This was applied to benign, border-line, and malignant neoplastic lesions found in the otorhinolaryngeal regions (31 cancer, 22 leukoplakia, 10 nasal inverted papilloma, 33 salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma, and 7 Warthin's tumor cases). Proliferative activity and polarity of the proliferative cell distribution were evaluated by PCNA-immunohistochemistry, and the quantitative analyses of the number, mean size, largest size, and maximum shape-irregularity of AgNORs in a nucleus were performed for all these cases. As the results, 31 cancer (100%), 20 leukoplakia (90.1%), 10 nasal inverted papilloma (100%), and 21 pleomorphic adenoma (63.6%) cases were positively stained by the DNA-instability test diffusely or sporadically, indicating their malignancy. Reflecting the malignant character, these cases showed a remarkable increase in the PCNA-index with the loss of polarity of PCNA-positive cell distribution, and also increased number, mean and largest sizes, and maximum shape-irregularity of AgNORs. These results indicate that all nasal inverted papillomas are malignant in nature, namely, in situ carcinoma, and the majority of leukoplakia is also regarded as in situ cancer, although a certain percentage of simple hyperplasia may be included. Furthermore, the pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland can be regarded as an "unstable tumor" which often contains or predisposes to bear malignant subclones with occasional capsular or extracapsular invasion, reflecting the progression of malignancy. In the present study, no sign of malignancy was detected in Warthin's tumor.
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PMID:Early progression stage of malignancy as revealed by immunohistochemical demonstration of DNA instability; II, Otorhinolaryngeal border-line neoplastic lesions. 753 26

Tumour growth depends on neovascularisation and tumour cell proliferation. Factor VIII-related antigen (F-VIII RA) localises to vascular endothelium. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is correlated with cell proliferation. We investigated the correlation between the expression of these antigens and prognosis in gastric carcinoma. A total of 108 specimens resected from patients with gastric carcinoma were investigated by staining with monoclonal antibodies against F-VIII RA and PCNA. Microvessel count (MVC; the mean number of microvessels in the five areas of highest vascular density at 200 x magnification) and PCNA labelling index (PCNA LI; percentage of positive cells in more than 500 tumour cells) were determined. The results showed that prognosis was significantly worse in patients who had a tumour with a high MVC (16 or greater) or a high PCNA LI (42% or greater) than in those patients who had a tumour with a low MVC (less than 16) or a low PCNA LI (less than 42%). Furthermore, MVC was significantly associated with the risk of hepatic recurrence. In conclusion, both MVC and PCNA LI may be good prognostic indicators in patients with gastric carcinoma.
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PMID:Tumour angiogenesis and tumour cell proliferation as prognostic indicators in gastric carcinoma. 754 71

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with a non-enzymatic sample preparation technique is useful for analysing clinical tumour material. Using these techniques, we analysed the relationship between the histopathological findings in primary lung malignancies and the expression of a number of unidentified polypeptides that were detected in the molecular weight region 20-35 kDa. In this study 45 cases of primary lung cancer (PLC) (21 cases of adenocarcinoma, ten cases of squamous cell carcinoma, five cases of large-cell carcinoma, one case of adenosquamous cell carcinoma, five cases of small-cell carcinoma and three cases of carcinoid tumour) were examined. For reference, a human diploid fibroblast cell line (W138) and normal peripheral lymphocytes were used. Sixteen polypeptides were judged to be associated with histopathological features. These polypeptides seem to be valuable as differentiation markers. The simultaneous evaluation of these polypeptides and some other proliferation markers (e.g. PCNA, PCNA 'satellite', Numatin/protein B23 and lamin B) seems to clarify the characteristics of each case of PLC. Furthermore, it is possible to classify PLC based on the two-dimensional electrophoresis findings, and this classification of PLC is suggested to reflect the biological features of the tumour more precisely than that based only on morphology.
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PMID:Detection of polypeptides associated with the histopathological differentiation of primary lung carcinoma. 754 29


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