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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the Alpine countries of Switzerland and Austria iodized salt prophylaxis has greatly reduced the incidence of disease of the thyroid gland and substantially altered the pattern of malignant goitre: the previously dominant follicular carcinoma has diminished in number whereas there has been a corresponding increase in the papillary type. The number of highly malignant tumours has dwindled quite markedly within a few decades. Improved preoperative diagnosis and broader indications for surgery have been instrumental in causing most thyroid carcinomas to be treated today at an early stage. In papillary and follicular carcinomas cure rates are very gratifying if optimal advantage is taken of present strategies of treatment and aftercare. The otorhinolaryngologist should familiarize himself with modern thyroid medicine. He must realize first and foremost that thyroid malignancy today presents with much milder symptoms than the older medical literature led him to believe. Thyroid carcinoma is by no means rare in our outpatient departments.
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PMID:[Malignant struma: changes in the clinical picture and treatment strategy]. 407 92

A number of different chronic diseases affect the intrahepatic bile radicles or cholangioles. They include primary and secondary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic cholestatic drug jaundice, atresia, and carcinoma. Aetiological factors include infection, immunological changes, hormones, and congenital defects.Patients with chronic cholestasis have decreased bile salts in the intestinal contents and suffer from a bile salt deficiency syndrome. Failure to absorb dietary fat is managed by a low-fat diet and by medium-chain trigly-cerides which are absorbed in the absence of intestinal bile salts. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies are prevented by parenteral vitamins A, D, and K(1). Calcium absorption is defective, and improvement may follow intramuscular vitamin D, medium-chain triglycerides, a low-fat diet, and oral calcium supplements.In partial intestinal bile salt deficiency the anionic bile-salt-chelating resin cholestyramine controls pruritus though steatorrhoea increases. Pruritus associated with total lack of intestinal bile salts is managed by methyl-testosterone or norethandrolone, though the jaundice increases.
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PMID:Chronic cholangitides: aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. 497 Oct 54

A reliable measurement of steroid hormone receptors is essential for attempts to correlate receptor levels with response to endocrine therapy in prostatic carcinoma. Evidence that receptors in many tissues are stabilized by sodium molybdate prompted the examination of the effects of this salt on the measurement of steroid-binding sites in human prostatic tissue. The presence of molybdate (10 mmol/l) during tissue homogenization, cytosol or nuclear extract preparation and binding-site assay led to a threefold increase in the amount of high-affinity androgen binding detected in cytosol, and a slight increase in the number of cytosol progestin-binding sites. The apparent binding affinity for steroids was increased in both cases. No effect of molybdate was observed on androgen-binding sites in nuclear extracts.
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PMID:Effect of sodium molybdate on the interaction of androgens and progestins with binding proteins in human hyperplastic prostatic tissue. 617 54

We have been working on poly(ADP-Rib) since our discovery of it. This lecture will review recent findings on this polymer obtained in our laboratory. Poly (ADP-Rib) has long been thought to be a linear homopolymer attached to nuclear protein. The ribose-ribose bond of poly(ADP-Rib) was shown to be an alpha(1" leads to 2') ribosidic bond. There are two molecular forms of poly(ADP-Rib), namely low molecular weight (L) and high molecular weight (H) poly(ADR-Rib) molecules. The L and H fractions of poly(ADP-Rib) are separable by gel filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Physicochemically the L and H forms differ in their molecular size, solubility in high salt, rate of hydrolysis by venom phosphodiesterase and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. However, the two forms have a similar ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum, both show a similar hyperchromicity on heating to 98 degrees C or hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase and give similar results on ordinary chain length determination. The great discrepancy in size observed by physicochemical methods and by the ordinary chain length method indicates the presence of a branching structure in poly(ADP-Rib). The branching structure was proved by demonstrating the presence of a unique compound, 2'[1"-ribosyl-2"(1"'-ribosyl)]adenosine-5',5",5"'-tris(phosphate) and by electron microscopy. The amount of poly(ADP-Rib) was determined by our new method, consisting of tritium labeling and high performance liquid chromatography. The merit of this method is that it can determine the recovery of poly(ADP-Rib) exactly and that its sensitivity is high. The amount of poly(ADP-Rib) changed dramatically when human promyelocytic leukemia cells were induced to differentiate by dimethyl sulfoxide or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The use of inhibitors of poly (ADP-Rib) polymerase in combination with bleomycin, a DNA damaging antitumor drug, potentiated the antitumor activity of bleomycin against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vivo.
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PMID:Poly(ADP-ribose): structure, quantification, and biological significance. 619 2

A murine monoclonal antibody specific for calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase has been prepared and used in an unlabeled antibody bridge technique for labeling monoclonal antibodies. This procedure--the alkaline phosphatase monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method--gives excellent immunocytochemical labeling of tissue sections and cell smears, comparable in clarity and intensity to that achieved with immunoperoxidase labeling. If the enzyme label is developed with a naphthol salt as a coupling agent and Fast Red or hexazotized new fuchsin as a capture agent, a vivid red reaction product is obtained which is very easily detected by the human eye. For this reason the APAAP technique was found particularly suitable for labeling cell smears (for both cytoplasmic and surface-membrane antigens) and for detecting low numbers of antigen-bearing cells in a specimen (e.g., carcinoma cells in a malignant effusion). It was found possible to enhance the intensity of the APAAP labeling reaction substantially by repeating the second and third incubation steps (i.e., the unlabelled "bridge" antibody and APAAP complexes). The APAAP technique was superior to immunoperoxidase labeling for staining tissues rich in endogenous peroxidase, and could be used in conjunction with immunoperoxidase methods for double immunoenzymatic staining. The method was also applicable to the detection of antigenic molecules following their electrophoretic transfer from SDS-polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets ("immunoblotting").
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PMID:Immunoenzymatic labeling of monoclonal antibodies using immune complexes of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP complexes). 619 55

The records of thirty-one patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) diagnosed from 1966 through 1976 among the Alaskan native population (Eskimo, Aleut, Indian) were reviewed. There were 25 males and six females, which results in relatively high incidence rates per 100,000 of 13.5 for males and 3.7 for females. Clinical and pathologic features were similar to those found among southern Chinese NPC patients. Five-year survival rate was 48%. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus were higher in NPC patients than in patients with other tumors or matched controls. On histocompatibility testing Sin-2 was not detected, nor was there significantly increased frequency of A2. Instead, BW40 and a second locus blank occurred more often among NPC patients than among other groups. In response to a questionnaire, NPC patients more often reported use of salt fish in the childhood diet, smoking of cigarettes, and exposure to noxious inhalants than did controls, but the differences were not statistically significant.
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PMID:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos Indians, and Aleuts: a review of cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, HLA, and environmental risk factors. 625 51

The gastrointestinal tract contains a unique microecology. Microorganisms living in the mouth, stomach, and most importantly in the small and large intestines produce enzymes which help metabolize certain ingested foods, as well as maintain important body homeostatic mechanisms such as the bile salt enterohepatic circulation. Recent awareness of the importance of poorly digested foods such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignins, as well as selectively absorbed long-chain polysaccharides, has stressed the importance of the relationship of food to the microflora. This intestinal microecology has definite effects on the human host in cholesterol metabolism, glucose tolerance, and may explain such diseases as carcinoma. The exacting details of the intestinal microecology need further elaboration.
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PMID:Fiber and gastrointestinal microecology. 625 29

Saturable binding of androgens, glucocorticoids, and triiodothyronine was found in the 64-24 hormone-responsive rat mammary carcinoma cell line. Androgen receptors had a dissociation content (Kd) for methyltrienolone of 3.4 X 10(-10) M and a binding capacity of approximately 10,000 sites/cell in whole cells. 5 alpha-[3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was specifically taken up into approximately 2,150 nuclear sites with an affinity of 8.3 X 10(-10) M when nuclei were isolated from whole cells incubated with [3H]DHT. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of cytosol prepared from these cells revealed a displaceable [3H]DHT-binding component which migrated at 8S. Sedimentation analysis with high salt gradients of nuclear extracts from cells incubated with [3H]DHT revealed a peak of radioactivity in the 4S region which was abolished by coincubation of the cells with excess nonradioactive methyltrienolone. Receptors for [3H]dexamethasone were more abundant (approximately 50,000 sites/cell) in whole cells and had a Kd of 7.5 X 10(-9) M, but the number of nuclear binding sites was similar to that for androgens. Specificity studies using unlabeled steroids showed that each of the two classes of steroid receptors had greater affinities for their appropriate hormones. High affinity receptors for estrogens and progestins were not detectable in these cells. Triiodothyronine receptors were demonstrable but at a very low binding capacity (1,100 sites/cell). The Kd of these receptors was 0.6 X 10(-10) M. Cytogenetic studies revealed 44 chromosomes/mitosis with several unique markers. These receptor and karyotypic features suggest that the 64-24 cells may be useful in studying androgen action on breast cancer independently of estrogen or progestin influence, as well as the effects of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoids on breast cancer cells.
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PMID:Receptor characteristics of the rat mammary carcinoma cell line 64-24. 625 64

Type V (AB) collagen is present in increased amounts in desmoplasia of human breast carcinoma. Type V collagen occurs as linear deposits in the interstitium (desmoplastic stroma surrounding the tumor), as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques utilizing antibodies to Type V collagen. In contrast, no demonstratable Type V occurs in the interstitium of fibroadenoma, fibrocystic disease, or normal breast tissue. As identified and quantitated by pepsin extraction, salt fractionation, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Type V constitutes 10% +/- 5% of all interstitial collagens (Types I, III, and V) in desmoplasia, compared with 1.5% +/- 0.5% in fibroadenoma and less than 0.1% in all types of fibrocystic disease, including sclerosing adenosis, and less than 0.1% in normal breast tissue. For infiltrating ductal carcinoma, Type V collagen is not secreted by the invasive carcinoma cells, nor is it present in an extracellular basement membrane location. By immunohistologic methods, Type V collagen can be seen exclusively in the desmoplastic stroma. The authors propose that desmoplasia of human breast carcinoma manifests a characteristic collagen profile and that the increased Type V may be produced by specialized cells such as myofibroblasts in the interstitium, which are recruited in response to invasive carcinoma.
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PMID:Increased content of Type V Collagen in desmoplasia of human breast carcinoma. 628 44

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is prevalent in Southeast Asia, Maghreb countries and Greenland/Alaska. This cancer, wherever prevalent, is closely associated to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but its geographical repartition also suggests the possibility of a cultural factor. A comparison of food habits and way of life of Cantonese, Maghreb populations and Eskimos shows certain common points: dried fish or meat, fermented and sometimes rotten, as well as salt preserved vegetables. Certain berries of Euphorbiaceae are eaten by children and the plant itself is used in traditional medicine. These Euphorbiacea contain cancer promoting agents, able to reactivate the EBV latency. The hypothesis proposed here is that cancerous effects common to the different regions at high risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma exists and that they either act separately or reactivate the EBV latency.
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PMID:[Dietary behavior, way of life, and nasopharyngeal cancer]. 629 38


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