Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using the same surgical method and anatomically ideal primary healing, the functional results could even be different later. Trying to identify various factors being responsible for the above differences, 637 patient's data, who underwent previous oesophago-gastric surgery between 1985-2005, were analyzed. Biochemical, histological and electrophysiological examinations had been evaluated. Developing hypertrophy-like metabolic changes and enteric ganglionitis as morphological alternations of LES muscles induced by GERD may be reasons for complaints after antireflux surgery. The marking of Z-line with endoscopic clips followed by an immediately upright contrast study and substractional evaluation is appropriate for detecting true short esophagus. Open surgical procedures are justified even in the new millennium in cases when the patient already underwent previous upper abdominal operations - due to an increased risk of injury because of adhesions - in cases of primarily recurrent paraesophageal hernias after an unsuccessful open and/or laparoscopic reconstruction, as well as in cases of reflux with complications. When adenocarcinomas of the gastro-oesophageal junction are examined preoperatively, the ratio of the performed catabolic - AMAN, CB, and DPP I - enzymatic activity of the tissue sample from the tumour and adjacent intact mucosa within 2 cm of the tumour may have a prognostic value even in the preoperative examination period, and neo-adjuvant treatment should be considered in these group of patients. The patients' post-operative complaints and symptoms change during the post-operative period and correlate with the parameters of the myoelectric and contractile activities of the "Akiyama stomach". Tachygastria seems to be the major pathogenetic factor involved in the contractile dysfunction. Gastro-jejuno-duodenal interposition represents an adequate 'second-best' method of choice if technical difficulties emerge with jejunal or colon interposition following limited resection of the oesophagus performed due to early Barrett's carcinoma or non-dilatable peptic stricture.
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PMID:[Modern esophageal surgery and late functional results as equations with several unknowns--Hungarian Academy of Sciences Doctoral Thesis]. 1902 62

Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infections through high risk (HR) types of human HPVs, particularly HPV 16 and 18. HR-HPV types encode two potent oncogenes, referred to as E6 and E7. Both are required to induce and maintain neoplastic growth of cervical cancer cells. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor genes as for example p16INK4A were shown to be negative regulated by active pRb. Inactivation of pRb by E7 thus releases the p16 gene from its negative transcriptional control and results in significant overexpression of p16 encoded protein in HPV transformed cells. It has been demonstrated that p16 protein can be detected in cervical preneoplasia all high grade SIL or invasive cancers, whereas no expression was detected in normal, metaplastic or inflammatory cervical lesions. Moreover, low grade cervical lesions induced by low risk HPV infection but histological indistinguishable from low grade lesions induced by HR-HPV-infections could be clearly differentiated by p16INK4A immunohistochemistry, showing negative staining for p16 protein. The objective of this study is to examine the expression of p16 protein in cervical carcinoma in Thailand. Immunohistochemical analysis of p16INK4A was performed on 53 formalin fixed and paraffin embedded samples of various stages of cervical neoplastic lesions. There are squamous cell carcinoma in situ 8 cases, squamous cell carcinoma in situ with glandular involvement 16 cases, microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma 13 cases and invasive squamous cell carcinoma 16 cases. The specimens were taken from cervical biopsy, cervical conization and hysterectomy in the year 2000 at National Cancer Institute. Strong immunoreactivity for the p16 protein was observed in only the nuclei and cytoplasm of all cervical neoplastic cells. This study supported the idea that immunohistochemical overexpression of the p16 protein may be a useful screening test for cervical cancer. In addition, p16 immunohistochemistry is useful for helping in the interpretation of cervical histology samples, facilitating more rapid diagnosis.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Immunohistochemical overexpression of p16 protein associated with cervical cancer in Thailand. 1925 50

The aim of this study was to evaluate the underlying lesions and factors predicting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ in women who had 'atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance' (ASC-US) on cervical cytology in the region with a high incidence of cervical cancer. This study was prospectively conducted at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand. All women with ASC-US cytology undergoing colposcopic evaluation between October 2004 and August 2008 were recruited. During the study period, 208 women were enrolled. Mean age was 44.4 years. The histopathologic results at the initial evaluation were as follows: CIN 2-3, 21 (10.1%); adenocarcinoma in situ, 3 (1.4%); cancer, 5 (2.4%); CIN 1, 26 (12.5%); and no lesions, 153 (73.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that nulliparity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] =4.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-16.10) and current oral contraceptive use (aOR=2.85; 95%CI= 1.14-7.15) were independent predictors for having CIN 2+ at the initial colposcopy. At the median follow-up time of 6.7 months, CIN 2-3 lesions were additionally detected in 2 women. In conclusion, ASC-US cytology in our population has a relatively high prevalence of underlying invasive carcinoma. Nulliparity and current oral contraceptive use are independent predictors for harboring CIN 2+.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Clinical relevance of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance by the 2001 bethesda system: experience from a cervical cancer high incidence region. 1925 77

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer affecting females in Malaysia, contributing 31% of all newly diagnosed cases amongst Malaysian women. The present retrospective cohort study evaluated the relationship between cerbB- 2 onco-protein overexpression with various tumour characteristics and survival rate of breast cancer patients treated at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) between 1996-2000. CerbB- 2 oncoprotein overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tumors showing 2+ positivity were verified by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). One hundred and seventy two patients were eligible for the study with a short-term follow-up (median) of 5.1 years. C-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression correlated with lymph node positivity, oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negativity. Univariate analyses showed shorter disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with cerbB- 2 oncoprotein overexpression, Malay ethnicity, higher tumour grade, lymph node positivity, ER and PR negativity. In a subgroup of patients with c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression, a shorter OS was observed in those with lymph node positivity, ER and PR negativity. In multivariate prognostic analysis, lymph node status, ER status and tumour grading were the strongest independent prognostic factors for both OS and DFS. However, c-erbB-2 status was not a significantly independent prognostic factor, even in subsets with lymph node positive or negative group. C-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression correlated well with lymph node status, ER and PR. Shorter OS and DFS were significantly observed in patients with c-erbB-2 oncoprotein overexpression. Lymph node status, ER status and tumour grading were the only three independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS in this study. Although c-erbB-2 expression is obviously important from a biological standpoint, multivariate analysis showed that it is not an independent prognostic indicator in breast carcinoma in the local population.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:C-erbB-2 onco-protein expression in breast cancer: relationship to tumour characteristics and short-term survival in Universiti Kebansaan Malaysia Medical Centre. 1927 45

Cholangiocarcinoma is a common hepatobiliary carcinoma in Thailand. It is believed that both chronic exposure to liver fluke infestation and nitrosamine exposure are the two main underlying factors leading to the carcinogenesis. Here, the author further extrapolates and proposes a new hypothesis based on the environmental ecological data that the stimulation of fresh water fish by contaminated pesticide in water reservoirs might be a possible background of the high prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009
PMID:Pesticides, fresh water fish, liver flukes and nitrosamines: A story of cholangiocarcinoma development in Thailand. 2016 55

Advances in understanding the biology and genetics of renal-cell carcinomas have led to the development of novel targeted therapies for the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer. Previously the systemic approaches were limited to cytokine therapies that were modest in their clinical benefits and at the expense of significant toxicities. Investigational treatments with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were equally toxic and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The development of targeted therapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic renal-cell cancer with more meaningful outcomes. This review aims to provide a detailed discussion of the clinical benefits of targeted therapies such as sunitinib, sorafenib, temsirolimus, everolimus, bevacizumab, and some of the newer agents in clinical trial development. The efficacy of these compounds in terms of response, survival and clinical benefit are explored as well as their toxicities. The role of surgery in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma is reviewed in the context of cytoreductive therapy and resection of solitary and oligometastatic disease. Ongoing studies in the adjuvant setting following curative resection are also reviewed. The availability of targeted therapies has led to their rapid adoption as frontline therapy over traditional cytokine therapy, thus bringing more optimistic and hopeful therapeutic options in a condition where historically, systemic treatments have been relatively unsatisfactory and disappointing.
Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2010 Mar
PMID:New systemic treatment options for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma in the era of targeted therapies. 2039 33

Colorectal cancer incidences differ considerably between Western and non-Western countries. In recent years, a dramatic increase in colorectal cancer incidence has been reported in several Asian countries. Immigration studies have suggested that environmental rather than genetic factors are primarily responsible for the international variability and secular trends of colorectal cancer incidence rates. Therefore, not only the main effect of a gene but also the influence of gene-environment interactions on cancer risk are important from the public health perspective. This review encompasses the literature on gene-diet interactions, particularly focusing on meat intake and its association with the risk of colorectal carcinoma or adenomas. It is generally accepted that genotypes which are associated with the higher enzyme activity for metabolic activation or lower activity for detoxification would affect individual's susceptibility to meat carcinogens. The most intensively studied genes were those involved in xenobiotic metabolism, including N-acetyltransferase (NAT), cytochrome P450 (CYP) families, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and sulfotransferase (SULT). However, the associations were not consistent across studies. The role of genetic polymorphisms and their role in effect modification of environmental carcinogens should be assessed in well-designed large-scale epidemiological studies with comprehensive information for risk factors for better understanding the etiologic role of dietary factors and in developing a personalized cancer prevention strategy in the genome-wide association study era.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010
PMID:Effect modification of meat intake by genetic polymorphisms on colorectal neoplasia susceptibility. 2084 2

Gastric cancer is an important gastrointestinal carcinoma. Presently, it is accepted that the strongest etiological relationship is with Helicobacter pylori infection. Screening for the bacterium thus becomes an issue for discussion in gastric cancer prevention. Here, the author covers the use of H. pylori screening as a strategy based on an economical analysis in the scenario of a tropical developing country.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010
PMID:Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer: an economical analysis for a tropical developing country. 2084 54

Helicobacter pylori has been the subject of intense investigation since its culture from a gastric biopsy in 1982. From the beginning, this gram-negative bacterium has provoked the interest of bacteriologists, gastroenterologists, infectious disease specialists, cancer biologists, epidemiologists, pathologists, and pharmaceutical scientists. Pathologists were among the first groups of scientists to reevaluate their data in the context of the newly discovered bacterial etiological agent. Chronic inflammation elicited by the bacterium provided the missing link in the progression to gastric carcinoma; accordingly, H. pylori was named as a class 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Two key papers published in 1991 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported a positive association between gastric cancer and H. pylori infection. This fact provided a strong rationale to treat all who tested positive for H. pylori. Antibiotic regimens have been largely successful, but some agents such as metronidazole and clarithromycin have been rendered ineffective in several countries and geographical areas of the United States by the emergence of strains resistant to these compounds. Although there was some skepticism initially, within few years numerous research groups verified the association of H.pylori with gastric carcinoma. Host related factors for the development of disease can indicate genetic susceptibility (or resistance) or acquired influences, which may stimulate defenses of the host against environmental carcinogens like H.pylori. The present article is a mini-review of the history and epidemiology of the bacterium and its suggested association with the development and progression of gastric cancer.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010
PMID:Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. 2103 20

Although bone marrow micrometastasis may remain silent, its detection changes the staging and management of lung cancer. In the present study conducted in West Bengal, India, 74 diagnosed bronchogenic carcinoma cases (28 squamous cell carcinomas, 20 adenocarcinomas, 9 small cell carcinomas, 4 large cell carcinomas, 13 unclassified) in early stages (stage I, II and IIIA) were included. Complete hemograms, bone marrow aspiration and cell blocks of aspirated material, trephine biopsy were done for detection of micrometastasis. Overall micrometastases in bone marrow were noted in 17 cases (23.0%). We detected marrow metastasis in 44.4% cases of small cell carcinomas and 21.2% cases of non small cell lung cancer (50% of large cell carcinomas, 20% of adenocarcinomas, 17.9% of squamous cell carcinomas) and 15.4% cases of unclassified carcinoma. We found a statistically significant correlation between marrow metastasis and low platelet count (P=0.0001) and high ESR (P=0.0003), but no significant correlation with hemoglobin percentage (P=0.36), total leukocyte count (P=0.58) and eosinophil count (P=0.44). A definite correlation noted between micrometastasis with the clinical stage (no case in Stage I, 12.5% in Stage II, 30.4% in Stage IIIA patients). We emphasize that detection of micrometastasis is essential particularly in non small cell cancers, where treatment with curative intent is planned, which can be suitably done by morphological study of bone marrow aspirate and biopsy in countries like India.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010
PMID:Occult micrometastasis to bone marrow in early lung cancer: a clinicopathologic study from West Bengal, India. 2103 47


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