Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report six cases of carcinoma showing sarcomatous change in the urinary tract examined by conventional histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. All of the cases were transitional cell carcinoma with or without focal squamous cell carcinoma. Sarcomatous components resembling spindle cell sarcoma with a marked myxoid stroma or chondrosarcomatous element were also observed in all cases. The sarcomatous elements were closely associated with the areas of squamous cell carcinoma in three cases. Various histochemical staining procedures demonstrated mesenchymal features in the stroma of sarcomatous areas. By immunohistochemical examination, the epithelial components showed positive reactions for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen and, focally, carcinoembryonic antigen. The sarcomatous components revealed a positive immunoreaction for keratin but lacked other epithelial markers in all cases. Chondrosarcomatous elements in two cases were positive for both keratin and S-100 protein. These findings indicate that sarcomatous elements in carcinoma may represent mesenchymal metaplasia with partial or complete loss of epithelial features. However, further study will be necessary in order to determine whether heterogeneous elements, such as chondrosarcomatous areas, are epithelial or truly mesenchymal in origin.
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PMID:Transitional cell carcinoma with sarcomatous elements in the urinary tract. Six cases examined by immunohistochemistry. 171 Apr 12

To study the histogenesis of and determine the most useful markers for diagnosing anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), 32 cases, including 2 with numerous osteoclast-like cells, were stained with a battery of antibodies to epithelial (keratin, epithelial membrane antigen [EMA], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]), mesenchymal (vimentin, desmin, muscle-specific actin [MSA], Factor VIII-related antigen [FVIII:RAg]), endocrine (thyroglobulin, calcitonin, chromogranin [Cg]), lymphocytic (leukocyte common antigen [LCA]), histiocytic (alpha-1-antitrypsin [alpha 1AT], alpha-1-antichymotrypsin [alpha 1AChy], KP1), melanocytic (HMB-45), and Schwann cell (S-100 protein) markers. Five tumors were associated with papillary carcinoma. In one of these cases, a morphologic continuum between the well-differentiated carcinoma and the ATC was visualized by their positive immunostaining for both vimentin and keratin, thus supporting the hypothesis that the latter tumor originated from the former. Twenty-five (78.1%) tumors expressed keratin, 10 (31.3%) reacted for EMA, and 3 (9.4%) expressed CEA, confirming the epithelial nature of this neoplasm. Reactivity for thyroglobulin was seen in a small number of cells in five (15.6%) thyroglobulin was seen in a small number of cells in five (15.6%) ATCs. Because all of the cases that expressed keratin also stained positively for EMA, CEA, or thyroglobulin, it is believed that keratin is the most useful epithelial marker for diagnosis of ATC. A lack of reactivity for calcitonin and Cg indicates that these tumors are not derived from C cells, as has been proposed by some authors. Reactivity for KP1 (CD68), a monoclonal antibody that reacts with a macrophage-associated antigen, occurred in the osteoclast-like cells but not in the anaplastic tumor cells. This finding, together with negative keratin staining of the osteoclast-like cells, indicates that these cells are not epithelial in nature and therefore should be considered reactive rather than neoplastic. Thirty tumors (93.8%) expressed vimentin, 15 (46.9%) marked for alpha 1AChy, 11 (34.4%) exhibited alpha 1AT, and 11 (34.4%) expressed S-100 protein. Because all of these markers can be seen in a wide variety of tumors of different histogeneses, they have no value in the diagnosis of ATC. Although immunostaining for FVIII:RAg, desmin, and MSA was negative in all of these tumors, these markers can help to differentiate between ATCs and some soft tissue sarcomas with which they can be confused.
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PMID:Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Immunocytochemical study of 32 cases. 171 40

We investigated the long-term effects of continuous gamma interferon (gamma-IFN) treatment on A431, a human squamous carcinoma cell line. Cells were grown in an in vitro culture system, which over time produces cohesive cell masses ("tumoroids") exhibiting three-dimensional, histotypically differentiated structures, e.g., keratin "pearls", intercellular bridges (desmosomes), elongated flattened cells (squames) and stratification. The effects of gamma-IFN on cell growth, morphology and stage of differentiation were assessed at different treatment times by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemical staining using antibodies to keratins 1 and 14 and to filaggrin, markers of specific stages of keratinocyte differentiation. Our results show that A431 cells have the capacity for spontaneous differentiation, that this capacity is significantly enhanced and accelerated by gamma-IFN treatment leading to terminal differentiation and extensive cell death by 2 wk. Despite continuous exposure to IFN, a small number of viable, undifferentiated cells remain. Their proliferation, evident by 3 wk, reconstitutes the tumoroid which once again contains the full range of differentiating cell types.
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PMID:Dynamics of differentiation in human epidermoid squamous carcinoma cells (A431) with continuous, long-term gamma-IFN treatment. 171 68

The main distinctive feature of carcinoma in schistosomal bladder is keratinized squamous cell carcinoma. Keratins/cytokeratins constitute a multigeneic family of structurally related polypeptide markers for the malignant state of epithelial cells. A monoclonal antibody (UNME/K1) regognizing keratins associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder was generated at the Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt (UNME), by fusion of spleenocytes from a BALB/c mouse immunized with a keratin extract (K1) of human squamous cell carcinoma and P3X63Ag8/U1 syngeneic myeloma cells. UNME/K1 was purified by a protein-A affinity column and was of the IgG2a type, as determined by immunoelectrophoresis and gel diffusion techniques. When tested against keratins of different types of urinary bladder tumors using enzym linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), UNME/K1 reacted only with the high molecular weight keratin of squamous cell carcinoma and showed selectivity towards specific histopathological grades of tumors.
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PMID:UNME/K1: an IgG2a monoclonal antibody specific to cytokeratin of human urinary bladder squamous cell carcinoma. 171 97

We examined 13 cases of small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract to evaluate and compare the immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features as well as the clinicopathological behavior. Immunohistochemical stains revealed that neuron specific enolase and chromogranin showed differences in staining between the bladder and prostate, as well as between the small cell and adenocarcinomatous components of the prostate. Also, synaptophysin was negative over-all in 12 of 13 cases. Epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen and keratin showed strong focal positivity within the small cell component. Electron microscopy was performed in 4 cases, with 3 demonstrating neurosecretory granules. Clinically, 6 of the 7 patients with adenocarcinoma/small cell carcinoma of the prostate did poorly, all with a survival of 15 months or less. Of 5 patients with transitional cell/small cell carcinoma of the bladder 2 fared better (both had no evidence of disease at 12 months and 11 years, respectively). Based upon the immunostaining and electron microscopic findings, small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract is heterogeneous in appearance and, therefore, may arise from a multipotential cell of origin. This cell of origin may be organ-specific, as demonstrated by the variability in staining characteristics among the prostate, bladder and kidney, as well as by the differences in the clinical behavior of these malignancies. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate has a poor prognosis, while small cell carcinoma of the bladder may portend a better prognosis if diagnosed at an early stage.
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PMID:Small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract: an immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and clinicopathological study. 171 77

We describe an ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with several sarcoma-like mural nodules (SLMN). The distinction between these lesions and foci of anaplastic carcinoma is important because of the poor prognosis of the latter. We have studied the potential value of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of these two lesions. In contrast to an anaplastic carcinoma, which was largely composed of keratin-positive cells, SLMN were negative or only focally positive. Therefore, in distinguishing SLMN from foci of anaplastic carcinoma, keratin strains may be added to other gross and microscopical differential features, such as size, demarcation, and presence or lack of obvious carcinomatous elements.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of sarcoma-like mural nodules in a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. 171 61

The immunohistochemical reactivities of 69 cases of breast carcinoma were examined on methacarn-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections using eight different monoclonal antibodies which recognize one or a few keratin polypeptides. In the normal breast, the monoclonal antibodies RPN1162, RPN1165 and AE1 stained almost all the luminal cells but not the basal (myoepithelial) cells. The monoclonal antibodies 35BH11, M20, CK5 and CK8.12 stained only a subset of the luminal cells. In contrast, 312C8-1 stained basal cells but not luminal cells. All the tumour specimens reacted with AE1, while over 80% of them also reacted with 35BH11 (57/69), CK5 (57/69) and RPN1165 (55/69); 30% reacted with CK8.12 (21/69) and 16% with RPN1162 (11/69). Basal cell-specific keratin, as defined by 312C8-1, was detected in only 1% of cases (1/69). Monoclonal antibodies to different keratin polypeptides may be of use in the characterization and subdivision of breast cancer.
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PMID:Keratin expression in the normal breast and in breast carcinoma. 171 6

Of 17 cases of small cell carcinoma of the stomach, three were early and 14 were advanced. Grossly, the tumors were mostly polypoid at the early stage, and as they advanced, deep ulcerations developed. Histologically, only one tumor was "oat cell type," and the other 16 were "intermediate cell type." With regard to tumor components, five were "pure" tumor, and 12 were "composite" admixing glandular and/or squamous differentiation. Argyrophil cells were seen in eight tumors. Immunohistochemically positive cells for chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase, and keratin were seen in 12, 10, and 7 tumors, respectively. Carcinoembryonic antigen was negative in the small cell component of most tumors as opposed to strong positivity in the glandular component. Electron-dense core granules were evident in seven of nine tumors examined. These findings suggest that histologic variety is quite characteristic of the small cell carcinomas of the stomach, and this type of carcinoma takes an aggressive clinical course like its counterparts in other organs.
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PMID:Small cell carcinoma of the stomach: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. 171 67

A series of 14 new mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to keratins is described and the data suggesting their potential value in the differential diagnosis of human tumours are reported. The specificities of individual MAbs of the 'C-series' presented here range from monospecificity for keratin No. 7 (MAbs C-18, C-35, C-62, and C-68), keratin No. 8 (MAbs C-15, C-43, and C-15), and keratin No. 18 (MAbs C-04 and C-08) up to the broadly reacting 'pan-keratin' MAb C-11, with the target epitopes of the remaining four MAbs being shared by different pairs of keratin polypeptides. The results of the biochemical characterization of the MAbs, together with their immunohistochemical staining patterns on frozen as well as on paraffin sections of normal human tissues, suggest that they represent a significant contribution to the growing list of anti-keratin MAbs applicable in both research and routine diagnostic pathology. The immunohistochemical examination of a wide range of human neoplasms with the new MAbs not only confirmed their value in making distinctions between carcinomas, on the one hand, and lymphomas, and gliomas, on the other, but also verified the possibility of more subtle subdivisions within the group of adenocarcinomas and their metastases. Furthermore, the identification of small subsets of breast carcinomas with decreased levels or apparent loss of the keratin No. 7 polypeptide and some cases of stomach carcinoma with apparently induced expression of this keratin suggests that such 'exceptions' must be considered when using keratin spectra as one of the criteria in differential diagnosis.
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PMID:A series of 14 new monoclonal antibodies to keratins: characterization and value in diagnostic histopathology. 171 5

Six cases of spindle cell squamous carcinoma (SCSC) of the oral cavity were studied clinicopathologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally to summarize the clinicopathological features of this rare neoplasm and to discuss the debatable histogenesis of the sarcomatoid component and the differential diagnosis of SCSC. The mean age of the patients was 72 years and the female to male ratio was 1:2. Four of them had a history of irradiation for pre-existing squamous cell carcinoma. One patient died of SCSC. While clinical and histological prognostic factors of SCSC could not be determined, it was shown that radical surgery resulted in good prognosis. The epithelial nature of the sarcomatoid component of SCSC was clearly revealed by a combination of immunohistochemical staining for keratins and electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament-like filaments and/or desmosome-like structures. Together with electron microscopic evaluation of the tumour cells, immunohistochemical characterization of tumour cells using antibodies to keratin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein is very helpful in differentiating SCSC from true spindle cell sarcoma, melanoma and malignant myoepithelioma. In the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis of SCSC, it is important to remember that SCSC should not be ruled out of the differential diagnosis by a positive reaction for vimentin in sarcomatoid tumour cells. Absence of staining for keratin in the sarcomatoid tumour cells does not always exclude SCSC, because some SCSCs show immunoreactivity of keratin in their sarcomatoid components only with some anti-keratin antibodies. Different kinds of anti-keratin antibodies should be applied in the differential diagnosis of SCSC.
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PMID:Spindle cell squamous carcinoma of the oral region. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on the histogenesis and differential diagnosis with a clinicopathological analysis of six cases. 171 79


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