Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ectopic microscopic thyroid follicles were encountered fortuitously in the submucosa of the duodenum in a 63-year-old man undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic carcinoma. The follicles, filled with a colloid-like substance, were intermingled with Brunner's glands of the duodenum. There were no signs or symptoms of a thyroid tumour. The epithelial cells and colloid-like substance were both immunoreactive for thyroglobulin but no cells stained for calcitonin. The possibility of a metastatic origin for the follicles from an occult thyroid carcinoma was excluded by the clinical and histopathological findings. These ectopic thyroid follicles cannot be explained by developmental inclusions or metastasis and may be metaplastic in nature.
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PMID:Ectopic thyroid follicles in the submucosa of the duodenum. 205 89

PTH and calcitonin are the two major hormones controlling calcium metabolism. Recently two new substances related to these hormones have been isolated: calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP). CGRP is a potent vasodilator and stimulant of intestinal secretion while PTHrP is probably the agent responsible for humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy. We report here a patient with a prostatic tumour presenting with vasodilation, diarrhoea and hypercalcaemia. Our investigations revealed that the primary prostatic and liver secondary tumour contained CGRP, calcitonin and PTHrP. Most of the immunoreactive CGRP in the tumour and plasma co-eluted with the biologically active form of CGRP. The circulating levels of CGRP correlated with the presence of the diarrhoea. PTHrP concentration in the tumours was one of the highest reported for any tumour although previous studies may have utilized less than optimal extraction procedures. The somatostatin analogue, octreotide (SMS 201-995), did not reduce the plasma CGRP or the diarrhoea, a finding similar to that seen in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and high plasma CGRP. The hypercalcaemia was also unaffected by octreotide administration. This is the first report of a prostatic tumour associated with over-production of calcitonin, PTHrP and CGRP. The major life-threatening effects of this unusual case of prostatic carcinoma were diarrhoea and hypercalcaemia. Both these effects could be tentatively ascribed to newly discovered substances, CGRP and PTHrP. With the greater availability of assays to measure CGRP and PTHrP in plasma, a detailed examination of the incidence of over-production of these substances in various cancers will be possible.
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PMID:Production of calcitonin gene related peptide, calcitonin and PTH-related protein by a prostatic adenocarcinoma. 206 Jan 48

Molecular characterization of neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. Review of the literature and report of three cases. Although neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (NECS) is comparatively a rare clinical-histological entity, numerous morphological and ultrastructural studies have been carried out since the tumor was identificated by Toker (1972). Recently immunocytochemistry has allowed a better molecular characterization (immunophenotype) of this tumor and a more exact diagnosis. The main problem for the pathologist is the differential diagnosis between NECS and skin neoplasms--both primitive and metastatic--which require a more aggressive treatment. Often the classical morphological criteria do not distinguish NECS from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, amelanotic melanomas, cutaneous metastases of lung small cell carcinoma or of neuroblastoma. The co-expression of cytokeratins and neurofilaments constantly found in NECS, is surely the best differential criterion from non-neuroendocrine carcinomas. Furthermore, the typical paranuclear location of both the intermediate filaments in NECS is a distinctive peculiarity as opposed to lung microcytoma, where cytokeratins and neurofilaments, when present, show widespread perinuclear positivity. Chromogranin A is found only in a small percentage of tumor cells, whilst synthesis of calcitonin, somatostatin, gastrin, ACTH, is very rare. Finally, the lack of common leukocyte antigen (CLA), S-100 protein and vimentin in NECS rules out the diagnoses of lymphoma, melanoma and sarcoma respectively.
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PMID:[Molecular characterization of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma. Review of the literature and presentation of a caseload]. 209 Oct 10

Increased levels of plasmatic calcitonin (PC) have been found in patients afflicted with liver cirrhosis (LC). Different circulating polypeptides of calcitonin with contrasting molecular weight (MW) have been observed by way of several methods of identification. The aim of our study is identify these types of PC in patients afflicted with LC, using a gel chromatography technique, comparing them with those obtained from patients with thyroid medullar carcinoma (TMC). A first PC peak with MW of 30,000 daltons (D) corresponding to macromolecular types of PC of LC was observed. Furthermore, a second peak of PC, corresponding to a synthetic human calcitonin and to monomers of PC in patients with TMC was noted. This indicates is a slight increase of monomeric PC in patients with LC, although its biological function is unknown.
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PMID:[The identification of plasma calcitonin in liver cirrhosis]. 210 8

A case of pulmonary carcinoma with dual (glandular and endocrine) differentiation diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology is reported. By light microscopy, the neoplastic cells showed mucicarmine, periodic-acid Schiff, and Grimelius silver positivity. On immunostaining, neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, calcitonin and serotonin were demonstrated. Electron microscopy revealed two different types of distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions in the same cell, namely: carcinoid type of neurosecretory granules and mucin droplets. Diagnostic criteria and possible histogenesis of this rare tumour entity are discussed.
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PMID:Amphicrine carcinoma of the lung. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. 213 Sep 99

In the course of a phase II study 15 patients (nine women and six men; mean age 58 [45-69] years) received 300 mg clodronate daily during a total of 16 episodes of tumour-induced hypercalcaemia. Four women had breast cancer, four patients had plasmocytoma and four had bronchial carcinoma. One woman each had leiomyosarcoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus or pancreatic carcinoma, respectively. No other calcium-lowering treatment, such as forced diuresis, glucocorticoids, calcitonin or mithramycin, was employed. As early as two days after onset of treatment the serum calcium concentration fell significantly from 3.63 +/- 0.42 to 2.80 +/- 0.40 mmol/l. After a mean interval of 4.3 days the hypercalcaemia had been eliminated during 15 of the 16 episodes. The treatment was not adequate in one patient with paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. The results indicate that this medication is to be recommended as a standard treatment of tumour-induced hypercalcaemia; side effects are minimal.
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PMID:[Monotherapy with clodronate for tumor-induced hypercalcemia]. 213 27

Two cases of primary oat-cell carcinoma of thyroid, in a 63-year-old woman and a 73-year-old man, are described. Case 1 was a compound tumour with the oat-cell component merging with a papillary component. Both tumours, in addition to histological features consistent with oat-cell carcinoma, showed immunohistochemical positivity with anti-chromagranin A and anti-synaptophysin antisera. Negative results were obtained when anti-calcitonin and anti-thyroglobulin antisera were employed. Using in situ hybridization, chromogranin A and B messenger RNAs were localized with biotinylated oligonucleotide probes. In contrast, with in situ hybridization, no localization for calcitonin messenger RNA was seen using radioactive and biotinylated probes. It is concluded that these calcitonin-free, small-cell carcinomas should be considered separately from medullary thyroid carcinomas and be regarded as a distinct entity, probably the thyroid equivalent of oat-cell carcinomas of the lung.
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PMID:Calcitonin free oat-cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. 216 78

Five thyroid carcinomas showing clinically aggressive biologic behavior were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the possible presence of morphologic differences from conventional thyroid carcinomas. They were originally diagnosed as follicular carcinomas, medullary carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and mixed papillary and medullary carcinoma. There were three males and two females. The age at the time of initial diagnosis ranged from 36 years to 67 years (mean 56 years). The size of the tumor varied from 4.5cm to 10cm (mean diameter 7cm). One patient died of brain metastasis four years after the initial therapy and the other four patients are still alive with local recurrences and/or metastases to bone, spinal cord, lung, and buttock. Histologically these lesions are categorized into two different groups: insular variant and columnar cell variant. Insular variant was characterized by well-defined nests (insulae) that are composed of small, uniform cells, frequent tumor necrosis, and hyalinization of the stroma. Columnar cell variant was characterized by tall columnar cells with marked nuclear statification. All five cases stained positively for thyroglobulin and negatively for calcitonin. With the above clinical and histopathological findings, we interpreted these lesions as a poorly differentiated carcinoma, biologically in an intermediate position between well differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. The rapid and often fatal outcome associated with these variants of poorly differentiated carcinoma warrants aggressive treatment at the time of diagnosis.
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PMID:Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid retrospective clinical and morphologic evaluation. 220 66

Two unusual medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland and their metastases contained a population of cells (20% to 25%) with the characteristic clear nuclei of papillary carcinoma. The predominant component of the tumors exhibited the typical growth pattern and cytologic features of medullary carcinoma with abundant amyloid deposits. The cells with clear nuclei lined follicle-like or tubular structures. In both the primary and the metastatic lesions, immunoreactive thyroglobulin was demonstrated only in the cells with clear nuclei, while calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and neuron-specific enolase were present only in cells of the predominant medullary carcinomatous component. Moreover, intense and diffuse staining for cytokeratin was seen only in the cells with clear nuclei, but not in those of the major medullary carcinomatous component. These findings suggest the existence of a distinctive variant of mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma that can be recognized with routine stains.
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PMID:Mixed medullary-papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: a previously unrecognized variant of thyroid carcinoma. 222 23

Two encapsulated medullary carcinomas of the thyroid gland exhibiting an organoid and trabecular pattern with hyalinized stroma and composed of polyhedral to spindled tumor cells with hyaline-appearing cytoplasm are described and compared with three histologically indistinguishable adenomas of follicular cell derivation. Positive immunocytochemical staining for calcitonin and negative staining for thyroglobulin confirms the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma in these tumors, while positive staining for thyroglobulin confirms the follicular cell nature of the adenomas. The distinction between these tumor types is a crucial one, given the prognostic and potential genetic implications of medullary carcinoma.
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PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an encapsulated variant resembling the hyalinizing trabecular (paraganglioma-like) adenoma of thyroid. 223 83


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