Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-eight human pancreatic cancer specimens were studied for the reactivity of cancer cells with monoclonal antibodies against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, calcitonin, and with argyrophilic reactivity. Immunoreactivity with one or several antibodies or argyrophilic reactivity were found in 30 (79%) cases. In 17 cases, the number of endocrine cells was excessive and morphologically consistent with the mixed ductal-islet tumor. Although most immunoreactive cells were located at the base of the malignant glands, some had intraepithelial location and were also present in the invasive portion of cancers, indicating their malignant nature. Endocrine cell proliferation were found in the pancreatic tissue adjacent to the carcinoma in 8 out of 12 specimens examined. In these cases, the immunoreactive cells were either distributed among the acinar cells or ductal cells. More endocrine cells were found in the hyperplastic ducts; however, no correlation was found between the degree of hyperplasia and the occurrence of any type of immunoreactive cells. Although several types of endocrine cells occurred in different pancreatic regions (head, body, and tail), PP cells were restricted to tissues taken from the head of the pancreas. Experimental data and similar observations by other investigators led us to conclude that participation of endocrine cells in ductal-type carcinomas is a general phenomenon and does not justify the classification of these lesions to mixed ductal-islet entity. However, because immunoreactive cells were more common and numerous in well-differentiated carcinomas, they may have some prognostic values.
 ...
PMID:Pancreatic mixed ductal-islet tumors. Is this an entity? 131 18

A human ovarian small cell carcinoma line (BIN-67) expresses abundant calcitonin (CT) receptors (CTR) (143,000 per cell) that are coupled, to adenylate cyclase. The dissociation constants (Kd) for the CTRs on these BIN-67 cells is approximately 0.42 nM for salmon CT and approximately 4.6 nM for human CT. To clone a human CTR (hCTR), a BIN-67 cDNA library was screened using a cDNA probe from a porcine renal CTR (pCTR) that we recently cloned. One positive clone of 3,588 bp was identified. Transfection of this cDNA into COS cells resulted in expression of receptors with high affinity for salmon CT (Kd = approximately 0.44 nM) and for human CT (Kd = approximately 5.4 nM). The expressed hCTR was coupled to adenylate cyclase. Northern analysis with the hCTR cDNA probe indicated a single transcript of approximately 4.2 kb. The cloned cDNA encodes a putative peptide of 490 amino acids with seven potential transmembrane domains. The amino acid sequence of the hCTR is 73% identical to the pCTR, although the hCTR contains an insert of 16 amino acids between transmembrane domain I and II. The structural differences may account for observed differences in binding affinity between the porcine renal and human ovarian CTRs. The CTRs are closely related to the receptors for parathyroid hormone-parathyroid hormone-related peptide and secretin; these receptors comprise a distinct family of G protein-coupled seven transmembrane domain receptors. Interestingly, the hCTR sequence is remotely related to the cAMP receptor of Dictyostelium discoideum (21% identical), but is not significantly related to other G protein-coupled receptor sequences now in the data bases.
 ...
PMID:Cloning, characterization, and expression of a human calcitonin receptor from an ovarian carcinoma cell line. 133 Nov 73

Endocrine-paracrine cells of the prostate (also known as APUD or neuroendocrine cells) constitute, in addition to the basal and exocrine secretory cells, a third population of highly specialized epithelial cells in the prostate gland. These endocrine-paracrine cells contain, and most likely secrete, serotonin and calcitonin, as well as variety of other peptides. Little is known of the functional role of these cells, but they probably subserve a paracrine or local regulatory role. They may also regulate via endocrine, lumencrine, or neurocrine mechanisms. These endocrine-paracrine cells probably play a significant role during prostatic growth and differentiation as well as regulating the secretory process of the mature gland. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma occurs in the form of the relatively rare small cell carcinoma and carcinoid or carcinoid-like tumor, but most commonly as focal neuroendocrine differentiation in a conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma that is a very frequent, if not ubiquitous phenomenon, and reflects tumor cell heterogeneity mimicking the normal differentiation process. The world's literature on neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma is reviewed. Neuroendocrine differentiation in all types of prostatic carcinoma appears to correlate with a poor prognosis. This correlation is probably multifactorial and may relate to a positive correlation with grade, a direct resistance to hormonal manipulation, and/or autocrine/paracrine growth factor activity due to the secretion of neuroendocrine products. Neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin, as well as other neuroendocrine products, may be useful as serum markers in patients with prostatic carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. New therapeutic strategies need to be developed to treat these tumors. This includes the use of specialized protocols that have been effective against neuroendocrine carcinomas arising in other organ systems.
 ...
PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. 135 Sep 41

Intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i acts as an important intracellular messenger system for secretion and synthesis, cell growth and differentiation. In order to demonstrate definitively that a change in [Ca2+]i is responsible for a physiological event, one has to measure [Ca2+]i directly within intact cells and correlate the time course of any [Ca2+]i changes with the biological response. Measurement of [Ca2+]i was done in a single cell preloaded with fluorescent Ca indicator fura2 using a fluorescent unit (lonoquant) consisting of an inverted microscope (Zeiss IM 35) equipped with a mercury lamp and a rotating filter wheel containing filters at wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm. Cells were alternately excited and emission signals of fura 2-loaded cells were collected by a photomultiplier and recorded on-line on a computer screen. As a model system, the rat C-cell carcinoma cell line rMTC 6-23 secreting calcitonin was used. An acute elevation of extracellular calcium resulted in an increase in [Ca2+]i within 5 sec and rapid release of preformed calcitonin. This tight linkage between extracellular calcium and [Ca2+]i is mediated via Ca influx through voltage-dependent Ca channels. These channels are modulated by intracellular cAMP, yielding a rhythmic oscillation of [Ca2+]i, as well as by extracellular somatostatin blocking the Ca channel and the increase of [Ca2+]i via a pertussis toxin sensitive Gi protein. The change in [Ca2+]i is associated with changes in calcitonin secretion, confirming the stimulus secretion coupling via voltage-dependent Ca channels in C-cells.
 ...
PMID:Measurement of free cytosolic calcium in single cells: method and application. 135 76

The gene predisposing to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A) has been assigned to chromosome 10, and affected gene carriers can be identified before the development of associated malignancy in some informative families. We applied these advances in gene mapping to clinical screening for possible pediatric surgery. A family with MEN 2A, consisting of 88 members and their spouses, was studied to test the reliability of the provocation of plasma calcitonin with pentagastrin and the possibility of DNA diagnosis of mutated gene carriers with DNA probes closely linked to the MEN2A gene including RBP3 and FNRB genes. Nineteen of the 88 were diagnosed as MEN 2A carriers. Twelve of them were treated surgically and the others died of medullay thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or pheochromocytoma. A strikingly sensitive response of calcitonin was observed in all those with MTC. The genotypes cosegregating with the abnormal allele at MEN2A in this family could be deduced from clinically established affected members. The early detection of gene carriers allows us to concentrate our screening efforts on children at high risk and to release non gene carriers from repeated unnecessary testing. MEN2A is one of the first cancer syndromes for which DNA screening permits early detection of members at high risk.
 ...
PMID:Prediction of affected MEN2A gene carriers by DNA linkage analysis for early total thyroidectomy: a progress in clinical screening program for children with hereditary cancer syndrome. 135 90

During examination before surgical correction of pes valgus a 20-year-old man reported having 3-5 pasty, foul smelling diarrhoeic motions per day for the past 3 years. He was noted to have rather thick lips and Marfan-like body build. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 18/34 mm, serum activity of GOT 22.5 U/l, GPT 35.7 U/l. Faecal weight was increased to 640 g/d, fat content to 12 g/d. Serum levels of the carcinoembryonic antigen (2494 ng/ml; normal: < 2.5) and of calcitonin (1,619,760 pg/ml; normal < 100) were elevated. Gastroscopy, partial coloscopy, colon-contrast imaging, ultrasonography and computed tomography of the neck and abdomen, as well as magnetic nuclear imaging of the neck were all normal. But laparoscopy revealed the liver to be infiltrated by small whitish nodules which immunohistologically proved to be metastases of a C-cell carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy was performed and the diagnosis of a C-cell carcinoma of the thyroid confirmed intra-operatively. After the operation the diarrhoea was stopped with codeine (9 mg/d). In case of tumour progression, therapy with octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, will be carried out. The concomitant occurrence of C-cell carcinoma, Marfan-like body build, thick lips and skeletal changes is typical of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, which is caused by a chromosomal defect.
 ...
PMID:[Type-2B multiple endocrine neoplasms with diffuse liver metastases as the cause of chronic diarrhea]. 135 89

In addition to a brief characteristic of the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and medullary thyroid carcinoma with a familial incidence which is a prerequisite of the syndrome, the authors submit an account on a group of 53 patients who were on the authors' records during the past 12 years. During this period the disease is systematically searched for in the families of newly diagnosed patients by examining the immunoreactive calcitonin level of relatives. Familial variants account for 28% of all medullary thyroid carcinomas. Patients who are on the records so far belong to 24 families. Approximately twice as often an isolated variant of the familial type of medullary carcinoma is involved, as compared with association with another endocrine affection, in particular pheochromocytoma (Sipple's syndrome), but associated forms will increase in number perspectively (multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A). The syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B is very malignant but in view of the typical phenotype the disease should be diagnosed already before the change to malignancy--once the disease develops into the clinical stage the course is very adverse. From the original number of all familial tumours 38 subjects survive (72%), incl 22 who were subjected to bilateral total thyroidectomy based on screening in the preclinical stage. The prognosis of these individuals is very favourable, the calcitonin levels are throughout the follow-up period (2-10 years) repeatedly negative. With regard to the possible association with another endocrinopathy (pheochromocytoma or hyperparathyroidism) all must be followed up systematically (screening) with regard to the manifestation of an associated endocrinopathy frequently only after a longer time interval.
 ...
PMID:[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: familial variant of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland]. 136 6

In 77 percent of patients suffering from a malignant carcinoid syndrome, administration of the somatostatin analog, octreotide (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) induced clinical improvement coupled with a decrease in 24-hour urinary 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). This finding prompted an evaluation to determine the correlation between the presence of somatostatin receptors in tumor tissue and the response to octreotide in patients with advanced, metastatic, neuroendocrine tumors. In tissues of 31 tumors (20 carcinoid, eight islet-cell carcinoma, three medullary thyroid carcinomas), the presence of somatostatin receptors was analyzed by binding of the somatostatin analog 125I-Tyr3-SMS 201-995 and autoradiography. Receptors were detected in 16 of 20 samples of carcinoid tissues; all but one patient with receptor-positive tumors improved clinically after treatment with octreotide, and the urine 5-HIAA level was reduced a median of 63 percent (range, 39-94 percent) compared to values before treatment. Of the receptor-negative carcinoid patients, only one showed clinical improvement, which was minimal, and there was a negligible reduction in 5-HIAA after octreotide therapy. All eight patients with metastatic islet-cell carcinomas were positive for somatostatin receptors. Symptomatic improvement and a > 50 percent decrease in the level of at least one of the pathologically elevated marker hormones was seen in all eight. None of the three patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid had a decrease in calcitonin, and all three were initially somatostatin receptor-negative. We conclude that the presence of somatostatin receptors in malignant neuroendocrine tumor tissue appears to correlate with the response to octreotide therapy. Analysis of somatostatin receptors in malignant neuroendocrine carcinoma tissue should be included in future prospective clinical trials of this synthetic peptide.
 ...
PMID:The presence of somatostatin receptors in malignant neuroendocrine tumor tissue predicts responsiveness to octreotide. 136 90

To investigate serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), we developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA). RIA for CGRP in serum can present some problems: the serum may degradate the tracer during incubation and suppress the antigen-antibody reaction. We avoided these problems by using aprotinin and CGRP-free serum instead of a buffer for the standard curve. We detected serum CGRP in all 39 healthy subjects when CGRP-free serum was not used for the standard curve, but 34 of these subjects had serum CGRP levels below the detection limit (less than 80 pmol/l) when CGRP-free serum was used for the standard curve. We defined the normal range for serum CGRP as below 100.8 pmol/l, which was the maximum level found in the healthy subjects. We studied serum levels of this peptide in patients with thyroid diseases, because the thyroid may be one origin of circulating CGRP. Four of 10 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma had elevated serum levels of CGRP. Seven of 24 patients with subacute thyroiditis had elevated serum levels of CGRP, but at least one year after clinical recovery, CGRP was undetectable in all. Seven of the 37 patients with hypothyroidism had elevated serum levels of CGRP. None of the patients with hyperthyroidism, adenomatous goiter, thyroid adenoma, or thyroid carcinoma had elevated serum CGRP levels. It is necessary to use a standard curve obtained by the addition of aprotinin and CGRP-free serum to the assay standards to measure serum CGRP levels. Some patients with subacute thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, or medullary thyroid carcinoma had elevated serum CGRP levels.
 ...
PMID:Radioimmunoassay for calcitonin gene-related peptide and its measurement in sera of patients with thyroid disease. 137 85

Bone mineral content of 38 thyroidectomized patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma were determined. Seventeen patients were totally thyroidectomized and 21 patients were non-totally thyroidectomized (lobectomy). Thirty-eight healthy males and females were served as age-matched controls. Trabecular bone mineral content of lumbar vertebra was evaluated by quantitative CT method. Bone metabolic parameters in serum were measured. No significant differences were observed in the mean bone mineral content and BMC-index of totally thyroidectomized patients compared with non-totally thyroidectomized patients and control. Serum calcitonin level was not reduced in totally thyroidectomized. It is concluded that after total thyroidectomy, bone metabolic disturbance was not significant, and that when calcitonin remained at its basal level, it had no effects on bone metabolism.
 ...
PMID:Does total thyroidectomy induce metabolic bone disturbance? 139 64


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>