Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirteen cases are reported with normal levels of prostate-specific antigen and elevated prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Conditions that were associated with an elevated PAP were myeloproliferative syndromes (four cases), metastatic nonprostatic carcinoma (six cases), prostatic carcinoma (one case), tuberculosis with a concurrent lupus-like syndrome (one case), and osteomyelitis (one case). The inclusion of PAP in the initial investigation of cases with suspected prostatic disease results in a decreased specificity.
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PMID:Conditions associated with normal levels of prostate-specific antigen and elevation of prostatic acid phosphatase. 128 Apr 3

The early detection and staging of prostatic carcinoma are challenging the diagnostic acumen of urologists. Mass screening programmes of asymptomatic men are not justified, as only a small number of cases are diagnosed when the tumour is confined to the prostatic capsule. Diagnostic work-ups of symptomatic men yield a similarly low rate of detection. The most extensively used diagnostic methods include digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay. Although DRE is an inexpensive technique that improves early detection, its sensitivity and specificity are low. The specificity and sensitivity of TRUS are higher, but false-positive and false-negative rates are significant. In a study of 566 patients, the rates were 86% and 84%, respectively. A determination of PSA may be informative in the early stages of prostatic cancer, but confirmation of the results by other methods is necessary. Thus, there is no safe method to achieve early diagnosis and precise staging of prostatic carcinoma. Only clinical trials comparing all the different methods will help to establish the definitive role of each one.
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PMID:Diagnostic challenges of prostatic carcinoma. 128 31

To evaluate a relationship between Gleason scores of histopathology of prostate carcinoma and concurrent serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) values, 65 men with prostate carcinoma were studied. These patients' cumulative Gleason scores were obtained by totaling the primary and secondary patterns, resulting in two groups: 42 patients received high (6-10) and 23 received low (2-5) Gleason scores. Serum PSA and PAP values were measured by radioimmunometric assay 1 to 7 days before surgical procedures or biopsy for prostate carcinoma. Mean serum PSA for patients in the high Gleason score group was 134.39 ng/mL (normal range: 0 to 4), and the mean serum PSA for patients in the low Gleason score group was 23.62 ng/mL. Mean serum PAP for patients with high scores was 28.08 ng/mL (normal range: 0 to 5), and the mean serum PAP for patients with low scores was 18.19 ng/mL. Patients with high Gleason scores showed significantly greater elevation of serum PSA than those with low Gleason scores (P = .047), using two samples to test for groups having unequal variants. Prostate acid phosphatase levels of patients with high scores were not significantly higher than the levels in patients with low scores (P = .60). These results indicate that PSA levels but not PAP levels correlate with Gleason scores.
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PMID:Prostate adenocarcinoma using Gleason scores correlates with prostate-specific antigen and prostate acid phosphatase measurements. 128 82

Cystosarcoma phyllodes of the prostate is a rare neoplasm, occurring in adult men. It closely resembles the not uncommon tumor of the female breast and usually behaves in a similar manner. This case of benign cystosarcoma phyllodes of the prostate occurred in a 53-year-old man who presented with increasing abdominal girth and underwent exploratory laparotomy and removal of the 11.2-kg tumor. It was remarkable for its very large size and the presence of foci of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, prostatic acinar type. The glandular epithelium of both the phyllodes tumor and the carcinoma were immunoreactive for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate-specific acid phosphatase. The presence of typical prostatic type adenocarcinoma and this immunoreactivity pattern strongly supports a prostatic origin for this rare neoplasm.
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PMID:Giant cystosarcoma phyllodes of the prostate associated with adenocarcinoma. 131 Feb 47

We report an intriguing case of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate, ie, a rare histopathologic pattern of prostatic carcinoma. We present the results of histologic, immunohistologic, and electron microscopic examinations in our case, and we compare the findings with those of cases that have been previously reported. Although the histopathologic findings in the rare cases of signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate thus far reported have varied greatly, the following conclusions can be made: (1) signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate is a high-grade carcinoma; (2) a prostatic primary should be considered in cases of metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma, especially when results of gastrointestinal studies are unelucidating; and (3) staining for mucin, lipid, prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific acid phosphatase, and carcinoembryonic antigen is variable.
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PMID:Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the prostate. 132 49

Two cases of urethral nephrogenic adenoma involving the prostate are described. A diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma was raised in both cases and was seriously entertained in one of them. The patients, who were 65 and 68 yr old, underwent transurethral resection because of difficulty voiding; both had had a prior similar procedure. Microscopic examination in each case showed small tubules and clusters of cells in the fibromuscular stroma of the prostate. In one case the lesional cells had abundant clear cytoplasm, and in both cases some of the nuclei had prominent nucleoli. In each case a minor component of the cystic pattern of nephrogenic adenoma was also present. Features pointing to a diagnosis of nephrogenic adenoma were a morphology that was diagnosis of nephrogenic adenoma were a morphology that was focally characteristic of that lesion, an origin from overlying prostatic urethra in both cases, and negative immunohistochemical staining of the lesional cells for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase. These cases illustrate that nephrogenic adenoma occasionally involves the prostate and in these cases can potentially be confused with prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Nephrogenic adenomas of the urethra involving the prostate gland: a report of two cases of a lesion that may be confused with prostatic adenocarcinoma. 136 96

The LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cell line was examined for the presence of specific receptors for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3]. Whole cell binding studies identified approximately 2500 high-affinity (Kd = 1.4 x 10(-9) binding sites per cell. Competition studies revealed that these receptors are specific for the 1 alpha,25(OH)2 metabolite. Binding studies using the synthetic androgen R1881 indicate that separate androgen and vitamin D3 receptors exist in LNCaP cells. The vitamin D3 receptors sediment at approximately 3.5S on linear sucrose gradients. The sedimentation coefficient could be shifted with a monoclonal anti-vitamin D3 receptor antibody (9A7 gamma) but not with a monoclonal antibody to the androgen receptor (AN1-15). The receptor/ligand complex elutes from native DNA cellulose at 0.2 M KCl. Northern blot analysis identified an mRNA of approximately 4.6 kilobases which hybridized with a specific vitamin D3 receptor complementary DNA probe (hVDR). In the absence of androgens, 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 stimulated growth and prostate-specific antigen production by LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Dose-response curves indicated that at physiological concentrations (10(-9) M) 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was mitogenic, whereas at higher concentrations (10(-8) M) it promotes differentiation. These studies suggest that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 could play an important role in the natural history of and response to hormone therapy by prostatic cancer.
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PMID:The human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP expresses biologically active, specific receptors for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 137 Jun 48

We report two cases of Paneth cell-like metaplasia of the prostate gland, one in poorly differentiated carcinoma and the second in benign hyperplasia. By light microscopy, the Paneth-like cells were indistinguishable from Paneth cells found in the normal small intestine and ultrastructurally showed electron-dense granules typical of Paneth cells. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase and negative for lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin. The clinical significance of Paneth cell-like metaplasia is unknown and may represent an example of the multipotential metaplastic capability of actively dividing cells.
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PMID:Paneth cell-like metaplasia of the prostate gland. 144 33

The effect of digital rectal examination (DRE) on measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen was investigated during a prostate cancer screening program of 2,736 ambulatory men. Serum samples were collected before and after DRE and values compared using the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test. Small, yet statistically significant, increases were found associated with DRE. The magnitude of these increases, however, was of minor clinical importance. Patients who exhibited the largest increases with initial values greater than the upper limit of normal (4 micrograms/L) were found to have either benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, or prostatic carcinoma. The benign prostatic hyperplasia patients showed relatively low initial prostate-specific antigen values with similarly small increases related to DRE, whereas the prostatitis and cancer patients exhibited both higher initial prostate-specific antigen values and larger increases associated with DRE. Finally, patients with increases in prostate-specific antigen from less than 4 micrograms/L to greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/L comprised less than 2% of the reference range population, the majority of whom had post-DRE measurements of less than 5 micrograms/L. Thus, DRE does not appear to be a significant factor in falsely elevating prostate-specific antigen levels and should be of limited concern to the clinician obtaining serum samples after DRE.
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PMID:Digital rectal examination-associated alterations in serum prostate-specific antigen. 137 86

In order to elucidate the mechanism of androgen-regulation of genes expressed only in the prostate gland, the effects of steroid hormones on the biosynthesis and secretion of human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were studied in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. This cell line produces PAP and PSA, both of which were found to be similar to the proteins purified from and located in human prostatic tissue, as shown by Western blot analysis. The synthetic androgen, R1881, regulated the biosynthesis of these two important tumour marker proteins inversely: the amount of PSA released into the medium was increased to 506% +/- 100 of the control levels, while that of PAP was decreased to 26% +/- 3, in 7 days. These effects were dependent on the concentration of the steroid in the growth medium. The androgen-dependent changes observed in the amounts of the secreted proteins were correlated with alterations in their intra-cellular levels. LNCaP cells were found to have very different capacities for secreting PAP and PSA. Whereas the measurable, cellular amounts of PSA and PAP were of similar magnitudes, much larger amounts of PSA than PAP were secreted into the medium. PSA was also found to be more stable than PAP in the culture medium of the LNCaP cells. Other steroids could elicit effects on PAP and PSA biosynthesis similar to those induced by R1881, and the combined effects of effective concentrations of these steroids were undistinguishable from those caused by each one of them separately, suggesting that all these compounds compete for binding to the same modified androgen receptors of the LNCaP cells. Thus, our results confirm the observations of the altered nature of the LNCaP androgen receptors, and demonstrate the ability of these ligands to produce changes in the expression of androgen-dependent prostatic genes. The fact that the changes observed at the protein level were accompanied by increased levels of PSA mRNAs and by decreased levels of PAP mRNA in steroid-treated cells, suggests that one of the targets of androgen and steroid action in the regulation of these genes is at the mRNA level.
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PMID:Steroids inversely affect the biosynthesis and secretion of human prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen in the LNCaP cell line. 137 97


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