Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1950 to 1989 one hundred and forty-four cases of either undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) or salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) were diagnosed in Greenlanders, all born in Greenland. The Greenland SGC is an anaplastic carcinoma with histopathology and electronmicroscopic cytopathological alterations as found in undifferentiated NPC. Both NPC and SGC from Greenland and Alaska are associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. The incidence rate of NPC based on newly diagnosed cases during the last 15 years is 12.7 for men and 9.2 for women. The same figures for anaplastic SGC are 3.4 and 3.1. These are among the highest incidence rates of Epstein-Barr virus associated carcinomas on record. From 1950 to 1989 there has been an increase in the rate of NPC. From the cumulated rate, it can be predicted that the number of cases will continue to increase during the years to come. During the ten year period 1980 to 1989 patients were questioned about their childhood life style and the family history was taken. The Inuit lifestyle is quite different from that of Europeans and Chinese, but in common with Chinese from Guangzhou (formerly Canton) Greenlanders have a high consumption of fish, fresh as well as dried. Familial clustering has been rarely reported, but in the present investigation 27% of the patients diagnosed between 1980 and 1990 had a positive familial history with one or more confirmed cases among first degree relatives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal and salivary gland carcinoma in Greenland. 133 14

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an ubiquitous human B lymphotropic virus, is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. Moreover, EBV infection can be followed by lymphoproliferative diseases in patients with inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies. Primary EBV infection may be a threat to all children after marrow or organ transplantation or those receiving chronic immunosuppressive treatment for various other reasons. The virus has been also implicated in the pathogenesis of different malignant tumours such as Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin disease and also some T-cell lymphomas. This review focuses on various aspects of virus-host interactions, immune mechanisms of the host, and the still experimental therapeutic approaches in EBV-associated diseases.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus infection and associated diseases in children. II. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. 133 34

It has been recently demonstrated that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect human thymocytes and may be involved in the T cell neoplasms, in addition to African Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease. Four distinct clinicopathologic categories of EBV-associated T cell malignancies have been recognized. The angiocentric T cell lymphoma or lymphomatoid granulomatosis involving the nose (or midline lethal granuloma) and skin is frequently EBV-associated. The other 3 groups include angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like lymphoma, node-based T immunoblastic lymphoma which may contain Reed-Sternberg-like giant cells (Hodgkin's-like lymphoma), and T cell lymphoma resembling malignant histiocytosis. Both the CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, and a hitherto undefined T lineage lacking CD4/CD8 expression have been involved. The common clinical features are prolonged fever, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Serologic assays suggest that a chronic active EBV infection may exist in most of these patients. The EBV genomes appear to proliferate in clonal and episomal form in the neoplastic cells which show expression of latent membrane proteins. Although an indolent local phase may exist, the clinical course is aggressive for most patients with frequent development of drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy. EBV-associated T cell lymphoma constitutes a separate entity of virus-associated human diseases and opens a potential field to investigate the pathogenesis of EBV-associated human malignancies.
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PMID:Clinicopathological spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-associated T cell malignancies. 133 23

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, an epithelial tumor which is characterized by marked geographic and population differences in incidence, is consistently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Within the tumor, the EBV DNA is homogeneous and clonal with regard to repeat sequences suggesting that the tumor is also clonal. Expression of specific viral mRNAs or gene products are consistently detected within all of the tumor cells. These data suggest that EBV is an essential component in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Genetic or environmental co-factors may influence the ability of the virus to express these genes in infected epithelial tissue or may contribute to clonal predominance.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 133 93

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, we have examined the highly conserved regions of the p53 gene in 58 biopsy samples of head and neck tumors. Mutations were found in 13/58 (23%) tumor specimens, but not in 6 normal tissues. Ten of 13 mutations were due to single base changes and the remaining 3 were 1- or 8-base deletion mutants. These mutations were clustered in exons 5 and 7 and resulted in amino acid changes. Our results seem to indicate that mutations in the p53 gene contribute to a significant number of cases of the head and neck tumors including 20% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. The relationship of Epstein-Barr virus or human papillomavirus and p53 gene mutations in this group of cancers was also analyzed and discussed.
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PMID:Detection of mutations in the p53 gene in human head and neck carcinomas by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. 133 31

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs). Recently, EBV DNA has been demonstrated also in some cases of gastric carcinoma with similar morphology as undifferentiated NPC. Here we report on the expression of EBV genes in a gastric undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT). The small EBV-encoded nuclear RNAs, EBERs, were expressed in all tumor cells. The BZLF1 transactivator protein, which disrupts viral latency, was detectable in a small subset of tumor cells. The latent membrane protein and the nuclear antigen EBNA2 were not expressed. These results indicate that lytic EBV infection may be possible in undifferentiated epithelial cells. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence suggesting a strong association of gastric UCNT with EBV and point to the possibility of an involvement of the virus in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus and carcinomas. Expression of the viral genome in an undifferentiated gastric carcinoma. 134 57

The strains of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were characterized in epithelial and lymphoid malignancies from geographic regions with high or low incidence. The predominant strains in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from regions with elevated incidence were EBV type 1 in southeast Asia and Mediterranean Africa. In Alaskan Eskimos, a distinct variant of EBV type 2 was found in NPC and carcinoma of the parotid gland. This strain contained polymorphisms characteristic of the Asian EBV type 1. The strains prevalent in southeast Asia and Mediterranean Africa were also found in NPC which developed in caucasian Americans. These variants were not detected in lymphomas which developed in central Africa, Mediterranean Africa, or continental United States. These results suggest that distinct EBV strains predominate in geographic areas with elevated incidence of NPC. The detection of these distinct strains in epithelial tumors from areas of low incidence may reflect an epithelial cell tropism or pathogenicity.
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PMID:EBV strain variation: geographical distribution and relation to disease state. 135 86

The authors describe the rare occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in 14 aboriginals of Taiwan (ABT), a minor ethnic group now accounting for less than 2% of the total population in Taiwan. The observation is epidemiologically unusual, representing a low-risk ethnic group in an NPC prevalent area. With regard to patient characteristics, symptomatology and pathology, we have not found any appreciable differences in reports from other geographic areas. Serological profiles of antiEBV-VCA (Epstein-Barr virus, viral capsid antigen) antibody in 7/9 patients available for review of IgA and 5/7 patients available for review of IgG were found significantly elevated, ranging respectively from 1:40-640/1:160-1280. Interestingly, 12 of the 14 patients were found to be exclusively from the Paiwan tribe residing in Pintung, a district in southern Taiwan. Since the exact prevalence of NPC in this minority remains unknown, it is not clear whether the apparent preponderance is real or merely causal due in part to geographic bias. To a lesser extent, however, our observations indicate that NPC is not an uncommon malignancy in Paiwan aboriginals of southern Taiwan.
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PMID:Occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in aboriginals of Taiwan: report of 14 cases. 136 2

Lymphoepithelioma (LE), originally described in the nasopharynx, is an undifferentiated carcinoma with heavy lymphocytic infiltrate. The tumor is common in Southeast Asia, particularly in southern China, where the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association has been documented more consistently than in Western countries. Tumors histologically similar to LE have been described also in other anatomical sites, mostly of fore-gut origin, such as salivary gland, tonsil, lung, thymus, and more recently stomach. We are reporting a case of poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma with marked lymphocytic infiltrate resembling LE (LE-like carcinoma) in a Chinese without evidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In situ hybridization for EBV revealed that the tumor cells but not the lymphoid cells harbored the virus. Tumor cells both in syncytial and glandular areas were positive for EBV. By Southern blot analysis EBV was demonstrated in the DNA extracted from the tumor, while the adjacent normal gastric tissue was negative. Moreover, analysis of the EBV termini revealed a clonal episomal form of the virus. Our case further supports the hypothesis that EBV is associated with LE-like gastric carcinoma. It also strongly suggests that EBV infection has preceded, and thus most likely contributed to, the clonal expansion in this tumor.
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PMID:Clonal Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the stomach: demonstration of viral genome by in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis. 136 3

Transcriptional expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome has been shown to differ markedly between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells and latent B-cell lines, with a more limited pattern of gene expression seen in NPC. EBNA-1 is the only nuclear antigen so far detected in both NPC and Burkitt's lymphoma cells. We found previously that in a human NPC tumor passaged in nude mice, designated C15, the EBNA-1 mRNA contained a novel splice site in the BamHI Q region of EBV which had not previously been described for B-cell lines. This lies within a region of the EBV genome to which EBNA-1 binds. Here, we further characterize the 5' region of EBNA-1 transcripts and identify two splicing patterns in C15 cells; we show that they are derived from a common promoter region in the BamHI F region of the viral genome. We also demonstrate that this region can function to initiate transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in epithelial cells and that the promoter region is only partially methylated at CpG sites in the tumor. In contrast, a B-lymphoblastoid cell line derived from C15 uses a conventional promoter in BamHI-C/W for expression of EBNA-1.
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PMID:Transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus gene EBNA-1 from different promoters in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-lymphoblastoid cells. 137 May 54


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