Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In five cases of endemic ethmoidal carcinoma in cattle from the Dominican Republic three tumor types could be classified: undifferentiated carcinoma (3), adenocarcinoma (1), and squamous cell carcinoma (1). Electron microscopy showed that the tumor cells in undifferentiated carcinomas closely resembled the cells of the normal olfactory mucosa. This was especially true for the dark cells of Bowman's gland. Ultrastructurally, the lymphoid cells of the undifferentiated bovine carcinoma resembled the lymphoid cells of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma being closely associated with Epstein-Barr Virus. This and epidemiological observations suggested a viral cause of endemic ethmoidal carcinoma.
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PMID:Histological and electron microscopic studies of endemic ethmoidal carcinomas in cattle. 44 48

Africa, and in particular North Africa, is a site of high prevalence of carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subject. There is a marked male predominance and a clear peak of incidence between 15 and 25 years. The presenting feature is usually rapidly growing cervical lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is based upon histological examination of these nodes. It is a squamous carcinoma, usually highly undifferentiated and difficult to identify. However, for the experienced observer, the special appearance of tumour proliferation makes it possible to localise the primary tumour in the epi-pharyngeal region. Current work is aimed at research into a possible genetic predisposition and the relationship which the carcinoma may have with the Epstein-Barr virus.
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PMID:[Carcinoma of the nasopharynx in the young subjects. Clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of 50 cases in Eastern Algeria (author's transl)]. 60 Jul 21

The general cell-mediated immunological reactivity of patients with acute leukemia has been found to be intact, although it may be depressed by extensive disease or by chemotherapy. Patients with acute leukemia also have cellular immune reactivity against tumor associated antigens, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity, lymphocyte stimulation, and 51Cr release cytotoxicity. Skin reactions to autologous and allogeneic crude membrane extracts of blast cells correlated with disease state, positive in many patients in remission and negative in most patients in relapse. Extracts of human lymphoid tissue culture cell lines derived from lymphomas or leukemia also gave positive reactions in patients with acute leukemia, and also in patients with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The antigens detected in the skin tests with the lymphoid cell lines appear to be different from those associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and from those detected in the 51Cr release assay. Evidence is presented which suggests a complex variety of antigens on blast cells and on the cell lines. Although leukemia associated antigens were also detected by lymphocyte stimulation and by cytotoxicity assays, the results did not correlate with the skin tests nor with each other. The possible use of these assays for monitoring the chemotherapy and immunotherapy of acute leukemia patients is discussed.
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PMID:Cell-mediated immunity in human acute leukemia. 116 4

The epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in populations at different risk for EBV-associated diseases indicates significant differences between the populations. EBV infection takes place much earlier in Uganda, where all children are infected before the age of 2 to 3 years, than in Southeast Asia, where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is prevalent. It is proposed that such early infection in Equatorial Africa is related to the risk for Burkitt's lymphoma. Four possible interventions to control EBV-associated diseases are presented: (a) simple hygienic measures to delay natural primary infection by EBV; (b) EBV vaccine; (c) intervention against cofactors such as malaria in Burkitt's lymphoma; and (d) characterization of high-risk groups to allow early detection and successful treatment.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus behavior in different populations and implications for control of Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors. 125 56

Epstein-Barr virus, the apparent cause of infectious mononucleosis, may also be an etiological agent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Lymphocytes from normal individuals with anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibody activity may be sensitized to Epstein-Barr virus and contain transfer factor with the potential to program and/or recruit other lymphocytes to react against the virus and/or viral antigens. A patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma refractory to conventional therapy was treated with transfer factor obtained from normal, young adults with previous history of infectious mononucleosis. Following immunotherapy, apparent slowing of tumor growth was observed, which was associated with intense lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor and reconstitution of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to microbial recall antigens. A double-blind randomized clinical trial has been initiated to determine whether transfer factor immunotherapy is a useful adjunct to radiotherapy in the primary treatment of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. If successful, a similar trial might be considered for African patients with Burkitt's lymphoma.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro studies of immunotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with transfer factor. 125 57

To evaluate the efficacy of population screening for early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in southern China, the authors recruited 42,048 and 10,402 apparently healthy subjects residing in a high incidence and a low incidence area, respectively; all subjects were between the ages of 30 and 59 years. The subjects' serum specimens were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibody against viral capsid antigen (IgA/VCA) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Of the subjects from the high incidence area, 2823 were found to be seropositive. In follow-up, they had yearly examinations of the nasopharynx by indirect mirror with or without biopsy; 41 were found to have histologically confirmed asymptomatic NPC during the first 2 years of follow-up. The tumors in most of these cases were localized and were at earlier stages than tumors of symptomatic cases of NPC seen in the same region before the screening. The yearly indirect mirror examination of the nasopharynx seems to have effectively identified most of the tumors at the stage of asymptomatic disease. The risk of harboring NPC was found to be different among the different sex and age subgroups of seropositive individuals. By limiting such screening to those who are at exceedingly high risk, the cost of the screening can be kept within the spending of the public health authority, and the effectiveness of the screening also is improved.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin A against viral capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus and indirect mirror examination of the nasopharynx in the detection of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 130 7

Sinonasal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (SNHL) of B- or T-cell immunophenotype have been associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Asian patients. We investigated eight sinonasal and 10 Waldeyer's ring NHL from Western patients for evidence of EBV genomes using a sensitive in situ hybridization technique. EBV DNA was detected in each of three sinonasal NHL with a T-cell immunophenotype and two of five cases with a B-cell immunophenotype. Two of 10 B-cell Waldeyer's ring NHL were positive for EBV genomes. In each positive case, EBV genomes were evenly distributed among the neoplastic cells, whereas no evidence of EBV in associated nonneoplastic lymphocytes or epithelium was seen. The results indicate that B-cell and T-cell sinonasal NHL are associated with EBV in Western as well as in Asian patients, and that EBV may have a role in oncogenesis in NHL of the upper aerodigestive tract. The strong association of EBV with nasopharyngeal carcinoma suggests that the anatomic site is important in the development of EBV-related neoplasms.
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PMID:Frequency of Epstein-Barr viral DNA in "Western" sinonasal and Waldeyer's ring non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. 131 Feb 41

Sixteen cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (eight anaplastic and eight well differentiated squamous types) were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 genomes using the polymerase chain reaction on paraffin wax embedded biopsy specimens. Although nasopharyngeal carcinoma, particularly the anaplastic type, is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus, other factors may be involved in its pathogenesis. No DNA of either human papillomavirus subtype was detected. It is concluded, therefore, that these two "high risk" types of human papillomavirus are not implicated in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The number of cases in this series was small, however, and further studies are warranted using fresh biopsy material and including other viral subtypes.
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PMID:Human papillomavirus 16/18 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 131 Oct 2

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exists in the human population in two genetic forms, usually referred to as type A and type B. Although many earlier studies had indicated that the A type was generally predominant, there were suggestions that the B type may exhibit a preferential tropism for nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. This study examines the prevalence of the two forms of EBV DNA present in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies obtained from the high incidence area of Southern China. The results obtained by Southern blot or polymerase chain reaction analyses show that in this patient group the A type of EBV is predominant.
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PMID:Prevalence of the A and B types of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies from southern China. 131 69

Increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) appear months to years before the clinical onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and define populations at high risk for this EBV-associated epithelial cancer common in south China. In the human HT-29 epithelial cell line, polymeric IgA (pIgA) specific for EBV promoted infection of the otherwise refractory epithelial cells. When bound to pIgA, EBV entered epithelial cells through secretory component-mediated IgA transport but no longer infected B lymphocytes. Such an immune-induced shift in EBV tissue tropism provides a paradigm for endogenous spread of EBV in the immune host that predicts infectious sequelae of epithelium.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin A-induced shift of Epstein-Barr virus tissue tropism. 131 50


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