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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reasons are given for considering that there is sufficiently substantial indirect and circumstantial evidence linking Epstein-Barr (EB) virus to African Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma to call for a dynamic new approach to establish a causal role for the virus in these human cancers. It would seem that the only way to do this would be to develop a vaccine, vaccinate a population at risk in a high-tumor-incidence area, and subsequently follow the population for a consequential decrease in tumor incidence. Recent developments in the control of animal herpesvirus-induced malignant tumors by vaccines free of viral nucleic acid make it possible to envisage that a similar vaccine could be developed against EB virus without undue difficulty. Experiments showing the tumor-inducing ability of EB virus in South American subhuman primates have provided an in vivo laboratory system in which to test the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. Trial of the vaccine in human populations could be carried out by testing its ability to protect those at risk from primary EB virus infection accompanied by infectious mononucleosis. Although in world terms BL is not a major health problem, nevertheless African BL provides uniquely favorable conditions in which to test for a causative role for EB virus: high incidence areas are known, the peak tumor incidence is at the age of 5 or 6, and the effects of vaccination on tumor incidence could be assessed within a decade. Should a carcinogenic role for EB virus be demonstrated in African BL, a much longer term program would be called for to extend the vaccine control of infection to areas where EB virus is implicated in the induction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although a high incidence of this tumor is confined to populations of Southern Chinese origin, the very large numbers of such people and the frequency of the tumor among them make this a substantial world health problem and, therefore, worth the cost and effort necessary to develop a vaccine giving life-long immunity and to conduct a program that will take more than a generation to give positive results.
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PMID:Implications of a vaccine for the prevention of Epstein-Barr virus infection: ethical and logistic considerations. 17 31

Tumour biopsies from Burkitt lymphoma patients, as well as human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells growing in athymic mice, contain Epstein-Barr virus DNA as covalently closed circular DNA. In addition integrated viral DNA sequences seem to be present.
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PMID:Intracellular forms of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in human tumour cells in vivo. 17 97

When human epithelial FL cells were fused with lymphoid cells harboring Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) immunofluorescence became evident in high frequency in FL nuclei of heterokaryons several days after fusion. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the presence of EBV genome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.
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PMID:Appearance of Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen in human epithelial cells following fusion with lymphoid cells. 17 63

An adult male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an undifferentiated carcinoma, probably originating from the nasal mucosa, was received from the Akron, Ohio zoo. Cultivation of this tumor in vitro resulted in a mixture of fibroblastic and epithelial cells which was subsequently separated using differential trypsinization. The neoplastic nature of the cultured epithelial cells was verified by their ability to transplant into athymic nude, or antithymocyte serum-treated mice, where poorly differentiated carcinomas were produced, and cultures of the tumors that arose in nude mice were morphologically similar to pretransplantation cultures. Early cultures showed a normal male karyotype characteristic of the species; however, in long-term cultures, a clearly defined, small submetacentric Y chromosome was not observed. Electron microscopic examination of tumor tissue and cultured tumor cells revealed desmosomes and the presence of cytoplasmic (keratin-type) fibrils, which tended to be organized around the nucleus. In addition to the keratin-type fibrils, the cultured tumor cells also contained a large amount of cytoplasmic inclusion material that may represent keratohyalin granules. There was no evidence of a viral association with tumor material or cultured cells. The cultures were susceptible to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus, Herpesvirus hominis type 1, and H. saimiri, but were resistant to the Epstein-Barr virus.
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PMID:Characterization of a spontaneous undifferentiated carcinoma from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). 18 33

Because there is strong evidence for the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in the etiology of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we have discussed the relationship of Epstein-Barr virus to these two diseases in the context of geographic distribution, pathology, epidemiology, genetics, immunovirology, and biochemistry. We have also discussed the relationship of Epstein-Barr virus to other diseases, both malignant and non-malignant. Although the etiologic relationship of herpes simplex virus type 2 to squamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix is not on as firm ground, we feel that some good evidence does exist. We have also discussed two oncogenic simian viruses, Herpesvirus saimiri and Herpesvirus ateles. These have a great number of similarities to EBV, and thus may provide models for the study of viral-induced oncogenesis in man. Agents similar to Epstein-Barr virus have been isolated from old world monkeys. These may possibly be of greater importance than either Herpesvirus saimiri or Herpesvirus ateles in the investigation of human virally-induced cancers.
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PMID:Herpesviruses and cancer in man and subhuman primates. 18 59

In vitro transformation of Callithrix jacchus marmoset lymphocytes was achieved with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) derived Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strain, HKLY-28. Two permanent and virus producing lymphoblastoid cell lines, M81 and M72, were obtained. Comparison between the original HKLY-28 line and both M81 and M72 lines showed that passage in the marmosets lymphocytes greatly enhanced viral production and transforming activity of the virus as observed in cottontop derived B95.8 lymphoblastoid line.
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PMID:In vitro transforming activity of EBV. I-Establishment and properties of two EBV strains (M81 and M72) produced by immortalized Callithrix jacchus lymphocytes. 18 63

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), carried by the majority of the world's adult human population, is closely associated with three known human diseases; infectious mononucleosis IM), Burkitts lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It is now generally accepted that EBV plays an active role in the etiology of BL and NPC rather than simply being a "passenger". Considerable evidence also argues for the participation of "co-factors" in these two diseases. Environmental co-factors appear needed to explain the peculiar geographical distribution of BL. Among various possibilities that must be considered are insect-transmitted agents that could lead to eventual immunosuppression and/or stimulate further proliferation of EBV-transformed cells, thereby permitting an additional cytogenetic evolution towards malignancy. Recent studies have uncovered a possible cytogenetic co-factor in the ethiology of BL; the 8-14 chromosomal translocation. Genetic co-factors, on the other hand, are likely to be involved in the etiology of NCP. EBV is a B-cell associated virus. Carrier lymphoid cell lines obtained either by in vitro "immortalization" of human cord-blood lymphocytes or by explants from IM and African BL donors harbor multiple copies of the EBV genome, and viral genetic sequences have also been directly detected in biopsies of African BL. The state of the viral genomes in the carrier cell appears to be such that some are integrated into the cellular DNA while others exist as free, covalently closed circular molecules.
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PMID:The biology and serology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. 18 69

Electron microscopy examination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma grafts in nude mice showed that the tumor cells retained their epithelial characteristics, as betrayed by the presence of keratin fibrils and of functional complexes at the cell membrane. Thus the cells positive for Epstein-Barr virus-specific nuclear antigen present in such grafts do represent the progeny of human epithelial tumor cells. C-type virus particles were observed in one tumor graft, indicating that epithelial human cells could pick up a mouse virus.
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PMID:Epithelial characteristics of tumor cells in nasophasyngeal carcinoma. 18 91

The sera of 73 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 28 patients with other carcinomas (OC) and 89 healthy subjects (HS) were tested for IgG and IgA antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA). The majority of the NPC sera had IgG titres of 160 or above, whereas the majority of the other sera had titres below 160. For IgA reactivity to EBV-VCA, 68 of 73 (93-2%) NPC sera had titres of greater than or equal to 10. In contrast, only 6 of 28 (21-4%) OC sera and none of the HS sera had such titres. The mean serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and C3' were also determined in 55 NPC and 20 OC patients and 18 HS. They were all significantly higher in the NPC sera than in the HS. Although the concentrations of IgG and C3' were not significantly different in the two carcinoma groups, the concentrations of IgA and IgM were significantly higher in the NPC group than in OC. These findings appear to reflect the intensity of EBV-specific antigenic stimulation in NPC, and the EBV-specific serum IgA reactivity may be a sueful aid to the diagnosis of NPC, especially in cases with an occult primary tumour. It may be also of value as a screening test in people at high risk.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr-virus-specific IgA and IgG serum antibodies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 18 37

Sera of 25 patients and 50 health children were tested for the presence of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear-Antigen (EBNA). We examined 15 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, who showed a mean arithmatic titer of 1 : 5.33, 1 child with acute myeloblastic leukemia and 1 child with the chronic myeloblastic form showing no reactivity. Two children with lymphogranuloma had titers 1 : 16 and 1 : 32, respectively. 1 patient with lymphoepithelial carcinoma and 5 with lymphosarcoma showed a mean arithmetic titer of 1 : 170.66. Control persons had antibodies against EBNA in the amount of 1 : 2.56. We think that the humoral reactivity against this regularly viral-genome-associated antigen is an additional indicator for the causative role of the Epstein-Barr Virus.
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PMID:[Antibodies against the Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear-antigen in children with malignant disease (author's transl)]. 18 71


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